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title: Manuscript, Beijing, c. 18-19th century, Sīnī
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identifier: China_SJ_01
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1701/1900
spatial: Exact
location created: China, Beijing, probably in a mosque
production place note: probably in a mosque
location: Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris
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language: Arabic
text type: Other
text: Alphabet
script: Sīnī
colorscript: black
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layout: 7 lines
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instrument: brush
shading: medium contrast
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alifascenders: alif -inclined to left
alifascenders: alif - bevelled head
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nundescenders: deep bowl extending upward over baseline
jimdescenders: opening horizontal
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles with first denticle extended
fathakasravocalization: oblique stroke (10°-35°)
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title: Manuscript, Gansu, c. 18-19th century, Naskhī
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identifier: China_SJ_02
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1701/1900
spatial: Approximate
location created: China, Gansu province
location: Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris
page: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b525019579
language: Persian
alternative: Miʿrāğ-i Muḥammadî
text type: Devotional text
text: stories on the Prophet (Booklets intended for the training of Chinese imam)
script: Naskhī/naskh
colorscript: black
note: BnF Supplément persan 2065
object type: manuscript\codex
medium: paper\type of paper\oriental paper
size: 22.5 x 17 cm
technique: written
scope note: 47 f. ; Paper with content in Chinese. White cloth binding,
lineofwriting: Line of writing - horizontal
groupsofcharactersbaseline: oblique
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: occasional
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alifascenders: alif - vertical
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
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kafascenders: final Kāf
kafascenders: isolated Kāf
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tazaascenders: rounded body
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razadescenders: rā'/zā' - diagonal tail
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mimdescenders: concave downstroke
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jimdescenders: opening horizontal
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - elongated curvilinear flattened bowl
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
sinshindenticles: short pointed denticles
sinshindenticles: hanging curvilinear line
badenticles: initial perpendicular to baseline
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
hacounters: isolated one-eyed round (mu'arrāh)
facounters: rounded head closed eye
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title: Manuscript, Gansu, c. 18-19th century, Naskhī
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identifier: China_SJ_03
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1701/1900
spatial: Approximate
location created: China, Gansu province
location: Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris
page: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b525020001
language: Persian
alternative: Rawḍat al-muṣallā
text type: Devotional text
script: Naskhī/naskh
colorscript: black
note: BnF Supplément persan 2064
object type: manuscript\codex
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size: 23.2 x 14 cm
technique: written
scope note: 55 f. ; Paper with content in Chinese. White cloth binding,
groupsofcharactersbaseline: partial stacking of characters
characterspacing: irregular spaces between groups of words
characterspacing: superscription at end of line
presenceofelongation: frequent
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ligature: Abusive - ‘alif and dāl
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - top right serif
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - top right serif
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
kafascenders: vertical shaft with top arm (sarkaj)
kafascenders: sword-like top arm
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tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft no serif
wawdescenders: wāw - short curvilinear tail
razadescenders: convex short curvilinear tail
mimdescenders: mīm - vertical downstroke
nundescenders: Short bowl on baseline
nundescenders: elongated curvilinear deep bowl
nundescenders: deep bowl looping inwards
jimdescenders: semicircular backward tail
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - elongated curvilinear flattened bowl
bahorizontals: short bowl
sinshindenticles: short rounded denticles
badenticles: initial slightly inclined to left
badenticles: medial short rounded denticles
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
hacounters: isolated one-eyed round (mu'arrāh)
facounters: rounded head
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title: Manuscript, Gansu, c. 18-19th century, Naskhī
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identifier: China_SJ_04
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1701/1900
spatial: Approximate
location created: China, Gansu province
location: Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris
page: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b52502006q
language: Persian
alternative: Ḥaqā'iq
text type: Devotional text
text: Islamic rituals
script: Naskhī/naskh
colorscript: black
note: BnF Supplément pers. 2066
object type: manuscript\codex
medium: paper\type of paper\oriental paper
size: 26.8 x 18.5 cm
technique: written
scope note: 113 f. ; Paper with content in Chinese, Yellow leather binding.
lineofwriting: Line of writing - horizontal
groupsofcharactersbaseline: Groups of characters baseline - horizontal
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: absent
shading: non-nuanced strokes
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title: Manuscript, Gansu, c. 18-19th century, Naskhī
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identifier: China_SJ_05
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1701/1900
spatial: Approximate
location created: China, Gansu province
location: Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris
page: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b52501996h
language: Persian
alternative: Marṣad al-ʿibād
text type: Devotional text
text: A treatise on Sufism
script: Naskhī/naskh
colorscript: black
note: BnF Supplément pers. 2071
object type: manuscript\codex
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size: 30.3 x 20.4 cm
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scope note: 216 f.
lineofwriting: Line of writing - horizontal
groupsofcharactersbaseline: oblique
characterspacing: irregular spaces between groups of words
presenceofelongation: rare
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lamascenders: lām - inclined to left
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
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tazaascenders: rounded swollen body
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sinshindenticles: short pointed denticles
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title: Manuscript, China, 1363, Naskhī
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_SJ_06
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 764 H.
created: 1363
spatial: Approximate
location created: China
location: Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris
page: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10031020r
language: Arabic
text type: Scientific literature
text: astronomical handbook by the Samarkandi astronomer Khwaja Ghazi al-Sanjufini. Called the Sanjufini Zij. Compiled in 1363 and dedicated to his Mongolian patron Prince Radna who was the Viceroy of Tibet stationed in Hezhou in Gansu Province. Prince Radna was a descendant of Kublai Khan who was interested in Islamic astronomy like Kublai Khan and Hulagu Khan. The handbook is notable for having Middle Mongolian glosses written in vertical Mongolian script in its margins.
script: Naskhī/naskh
colorscript: black
artist: Abou Mohammad ʿAta ibn Ahmad ibn Mohammad ibn Khvadja Ghazi al-Samarkandi al-Shifini
signaturerole: calligrapher
note: BnF arabe 6040
object type: manuscript\codex
medium: paper\type of paper\oriental paper
size: 19 × 13 cm
technique: written
scope note: 58 f.
lineofwriting: undulating
groupsofcharactersbaseline: oblique
characterspacing: irregular spaces between groups of words
presenceofelongation: rare
elongatedletters: sād/ḍād, ṭa/ẓa body
ligature: Abusive - ‘alif and lām
ligature: Conventional - V shaped
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - inclined to left
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
kafascenders: Initial /medial compact form diagonal body
kafascenders: sword-like top arm
tazaascenders: rounded swollen body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft inclined to left
wawdescenders: wāw - short curvilinear tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - short curvilinear tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
mimdescenders: long flat curvilinear tail
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - plunging bowl
jimdescenders: backward tail
jimdescenders: opening horizontal
jimdescenders: closed looped tail
yadescenders: short backward horizontal stroke
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badenticles: initial very low, inclined to right
hacounters: final s-shaped (muḥdawdibah)
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title: Manuscript, Xinjiang, c. 18-19th century, Naskhī
created: 2025-12-15T17:32:51+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_SJ_07
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1701/1900
spatial: Approximate
location created: China, Xinjiang region
location: Berlin State Library - Prussian Cultural Heritage
page: https://orient-kohd.dl.uni-leipzig.de/receive/KOHDPersianMSBook_manuscript_00000222
language: Arabic
text type: Devotional text
text: Quran and Hadith
script: Naskhī/naskh
colorscript: black
colorscript: red
note: Ms. Or. Oct. 1578
object type: manuscript\codex
medium: paper\type of paper\oriental paper
size: 18 x 22 cm
technique: written
scope note: 20 f. ; black cloth binding
lineofwriting: broken
groupsofcharactersbaseline: Groups of characters baseline - horizontal
groupsofcharactersbaseline: partial stacking of characters
characterspacing: irregular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: frequent
elongatedletters: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā’, lām and qāf bowl
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
ligature: Conventional - horizontal
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - vertical
alifascenders: alif - top right serif
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - top right serif
kafascenders: initial medial and final elongated (mabsūṭah)
kafascenders: medial, initial vertical shaft
kafascenders: top arm with final loop
tazaascenders: rounded swollen body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft no serif
wawdescenders: wāw - long thick angular oblique tapered tail hairline ending
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mimdescenders: concave downstroke
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
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bahorizontals: short bowl
sinshindenticles: short pointed denticles
badenticles: initial inclined to left
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title: Manuscript, Xinjiang, c. 18-19th century, Naskhī
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identifier: China_SJ_08
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1701/1900
spatial: Approximate
location created: China, Xinjiang region
location: Berlin State Library - Prussian Cultural Heritage
page: https://orient-kohd.dl.uni-leipzig.de/receive/KOHDPersianMSBook_manuscript_00001346
language: Persian
alternative: Kitāb-i namāz
text type: Devotional text
text: Fragment of a prayer book, without beginning and end, containing prayer templates in Inchinese sish (preface etc.), Arabic prayer texts, citations of passages from the hadith about the prayers in question, finally the fragment of a Persian prayer in verse, called Barāt-nāma, for Lailat al-Barāt. Individual leaves are missing.
script: Naskhī/naskh
colorscript: black
note: Ms. Or. Oct. 1580
object type: manuscript\codex
medium: paper\type of paper\oriental paper
technique: written
scope note: 117 f. ; black cloth binding
lineofwriting: ascending
groupsofcharactersbaseline: Groups of characters baseline - horizontal
characterspacing: irregular spaces between words
presenceofelongation: occasional
ligature: Abusive - rā’ and hā'
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif -inclined to left
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
alifascenders: final alif with top right serif
lamascenders: lām - inclined to left
lamascenders: lām - top right serif
kafascenders: initial rectangular
kafascenders: top arm short diagonal stroke
kafascenders: medial, initial vertical shaft
kafascenders: sword-like top arm
kafascenders: no top arm and superscript kāf
wawdescenders: wāw - long flattened tapered tail, hairline ending
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - long flattened tapered tail, hairline ending
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - short curvilinear tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
mimdescenders: long flattened tapered tail, hairline ending
mimdescenders: convex downstroke
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - elongated curvilinear flattened bowl
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sinshindenticles: short pointed denticles
badenticles: initial slightly inclined to left
badenticles: medial short rounded denticles
hacounters: isolated one-eyed triangular (murabba'ah)
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
hacounters: final simple downward stroke (makhṭufah)
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) with elongated vertical shaft
facounters: soft triangular head
medialaincounters: wide inverted triangle
mimcounters: rounded head pointed chin
fathakasravocalization: oblique stroke (10°-35°)
dammavocalization: comma
sukunvocalization: circle
shaddavocalization: short denticles
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title: Manuscript, Gansu, c. 18-19th century, Naskhī
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_SJ_09
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1701/1900
spatial: Approximate
location created: China, Gansu province
location: Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris
page: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b52501996h
language: Persian
alternative: Marṣad al-ʿibād
text type: Devotional text
text: sufism
script: Naskhī/naskh
colorscript: black
note: BnF Supplément pers. 2071
object type: manuscript\codex
medium: paper\type of paper\oriental paper
size: 30.3 x 20.4 cm
technique: written
scope note: 216 f. ; paper with Du'a
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: rare
shading: non-nuanced strokes
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - thick vertical shaft
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - thick vertical shaft
kafascenders: initial medial and final elongated (mabsūṭah) with s-shape body
tazaascenders: rounded swollen body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft no serif
wawdescenders: wāw - short curvilinear tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - short curvilinear tail
mimdescenders: mīm - vertical downstroke
nundescenders: deep bowl extending upward over baseline
jimdescenders: semicircular backward tail
jimdescenders: closing upward
bahorizontals: ascending bowl
sinshindenticles: tall denticles perpendicular to baseline
badenticles: initial slightly inclined to left
hacounters: isolated one-eyed round (mu'arrāh)
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
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shaddavocalization: shadda - dot
additionalcharacteristics: The text contains a middle composition of the basmala with elongated vertical ascenders and exaggerated loops of mīm and ḥa
additionalcharacteristics: The shadda ends in a wide looped flourish
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title: Manuscript, Gansu, c. 18-19th century, Naskhī
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_SJ_10
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1701/1900
spatial: Approximate
location created: China, Gansu province
location: Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris
page: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b52501953h
language: Persian
alternative: Lawa'iḥ Ğāmī.
text type: Devotional text
script: Naskhī/naskh
colorscript: black
colorscript: red
artist: ملا عماد
note: BnF Supplément pers. 2063
object type: manuscript\codex
medium: paper\type of paper\oriental paper
size: 29.3 x 19.2 cm
technique: written
scope note: 55 f. ; black cloth binding
lineofwriting: Line of writing - horizontal
groupsofcharactersbaseline: oblique
characterspacing: regular spaces between words
presenceofelongation: occasional
elongatedletters: sīn/shin denticles
elongatedletters: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā’, lām and qāf bowl
shading: non-nuanced strokes
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - inclined to right
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
kafascenders: initial medial and final elongated (mabsūṭah) with s-shape body
kafascenders: sword-like top arm
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft with serif
wawdescenders: wāw - short curvilinear hairline tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - curvilinear hairline tail
mimdescenders: convex downstroke
nundescenders: partial bowl
jimdescenders: backward narrow tail
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bahorizontals: short straight bowl on baseline tapering to a point
sinshindenticles: short pointed denticles
badenticles: initial slightly inclined to left
hacounters: isolated one-eyed round (mu'arrāh)
hacounters: initial / medial rounded double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
facounters: rounded head closed eye
medialaincounters: rounded head open eye
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title: Manuscript, Xinjiang, c. 18-19th century, Naskhī
created: 2025-12-15T17:32:51+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:16+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_SJ_11
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1701/1900
spatial: Approximate
location created: China, Xinjiang region
location: Berlin State Library - Prussian Cultural Heritage
page: https://orient-kohd.dl.uni-leipzig.de/receive/KOHDPersianMSBook_manuscript_00001346
language: Persian
alternative: Kitāb-i namāz
text type: Devotional text
script: Naskhī/naskh
colorscript: black
note: Ms. Or. Oct. 1518
object type: manuscript\codex
medium: paper\type of paper\oriental paper
technique: written
scope note: 117 f.
characterspacing: regular spaces between words
presenceofelongation: occasional
ligature: Conventional - straight
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
kafascenders: medial, initial vertical shaft
kafascenders: sword-like top arm
kafascenders: initial medial and final elongated (mabsūṭah) with s-shape body
wawdescenders: wāw - short almost horizontal tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - short curvilinear hairline tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - long oblique tapered tail, hairline ending
nundescenders: deep bowl
nundescenders: deep bowl extending upward over baseline
nundescenders: deep bowl looping inwards
jimdescenders: backward narrow tail
yadescenders: short backward horizontal stroke
bahorizontals: short bowl
sinshindenticles: short pointed denticles
badenticles: medial short pointed denticles
hacounters: isolated one-eyed round (mu'arrāh)
facounters: soft triangular head closed eye
medialaincounters: wide inverted triangle
mimcounters: circular head
additionalcharacteristics: Kāf with three dots on top of the arm as in the “xiao’erjing” script
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title: Manuscript, Nanjing, 1861, Sīnī
created: 2025-12-15T17:32:52+00:00
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identifier: China_SJ_12
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1861
spatial: Approximate
location created: China, Jiangsu province, Nanjing
location: Società Geografica Italia
language: Arabic
alternative: Tianfang tukao
text type: Quran
text: surat 3:96
script: Sīnī
colorscript: black
artist: 王俊卿
signaturerole: calligrapher
object type: manuscript\scroll
medium: paper\type of paper\oriental paper
technique: written
instrument: brush
lineofwriting: undulating
groupsofcharactersbaseline: irregular undulations
characterspacing: irregular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: occasional
elongatedletters: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā’, lām and qāf bowl
shading: medium contrast
alifascenders: alif - top right serif
alifascenders: alif - shaft tapers from thick to thin
lamascenders: lām - inclined to left
lamascenders: lām - shaft tapers from thick to thin
kafascenders: initial medial and final elongated (mabsūṭah) with s-shape body
kafascenders: final vertical shaft
kafascenders: no top arm and superscript kāf
wawdescenders: wāw - rounded tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
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nundescenders: deep bowl
jimdescenders: backward tail
jimdescenders: closing upward
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles with first denticle extended
badenticles: initial nuanced top right hook
badenticles: medial short rounded denticles
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) inclined to left
facounters: teardrop head
medialaincounters: wide inverted triangle, open eye
mimcounters: circular head
shaddavocalization: ribbon-like
ihmalvocalization: superscript miniature kāf for medial or inital form
additionalcharacteristics: Initial and medial denticles bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ connected together resemble the denticle of sīn
additionalcharacteristics: Abundant use of hairlines at the end of each stroke
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title: Manuscript, Xinjiang, c. 18-19th century
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_SJ_21
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1701/1900
spatial: Approximate
location created: China, Xinjiang region
location: Berlin State Library - Prussian Cultural Heritage
page: http://resolver.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/SBB0000CF6800000000
language: Arabic
alternative: al-Madāʾiḥ aš-šarīfa
text type: Devotional text
colorscript: black
artist: Yaʿqūb Ibn-Ibrāhīm al-Kātib al-Quwīdaiwī
signaturerole: calligrapher
note: Ms. Or. Oct. 1515
object type: manuscript\codex
medium: paper\type of paper\oriental paper
technique: written
scope note: 221 f. ; dark blue cloth binding
lineofwriting: Line of writing - horizontal
groupsofcharactersbaseline: Groups of characters baseline - horizontal
groupsofcharactersbaseline: partial stacking of characters
characterspacing: irregular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: frequent
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elongatedletters: medial ligatures
lengthofelongation: varied length of elongations
ligature: Abusive - ‘alif and lām
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif -inclined to left
alifascenders: alif - top right serif
lamascenders: lām - inclined to left
lamascenders: lām - top right serif
kafascenders: rectangular body
kafascenders: sword-like top arm
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: shaft inclined to left with serif
razadescenders: long thick angular oblique tail hairline ending
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
mimdescenders: concave downstroke
nundescenders: deep bowl ending in ascending hairline
nundescenders: elongated curvilinear deep bowl
nundescenders: long plunging bowl
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - elongated curvilinear flattened bowl
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: initial inclined to left
badenticles: medial broken horizontal strokes
hacounters: final multi-knotted form (musalsalah)
facounters: teardrop head hairline chin
medialaincounters: compact inverted triangle / open or closed eye
mimcounters: compact head diagonal stroke
hamzavocalization: small ‘ain
shaddavocalization: wide denticles
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title: Manuscript, Xinjiang, c. 18-19th century
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identifier: China_SJ_22
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1701/1900
spatial: Approximate
location created: China, Xinjiang region
location: Berlin State Library - Prussian Cultural Heritage
language: Arabic
alternative: Mawāʿiẓ
text type: Devotional text
colorscript: black
note: Ms. Or. Oct. 1519
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size: 18 x 22.5 cm
technique: written
scope note: 24 f.
internalstructure: stacked
internalstructure: partially interwoven
internalstructure: sinuous
internalstructure: large presence of negative space
groupsofcharactersbaseline: irregular undulations
characterspacing: irregular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: absent
shading: strong contrast
point: inclined square
lamascenders: lām - inclined to left
lamascenders: lām - vertical
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mimdescenders: mīm - s-shape ending in ascending hairline
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additionalcharacteristics: The tail of mīm and nūn share the same stroke
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title: Portal, Beijing, c. 19th century, Sīnī
created: 2025-12-16T08:03:00+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:16+00:00
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identifier: China_SJ_13
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1801/1900
spatial: Exact
location created: China, Beijing, probably in a mosque
location: Dongsi Mosque, Beijing, China
language: Arabic
script: Sīnī
object type: architectural element\portal
medium: brick
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
scriptshape: rectangular
internalstructure: sinuous
internalstructure: balanced negative and positive spaces
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shading: medium contrast
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lamascenders: lām - curved
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mimdescenders: ascending upstroke to right
nundescenders: deep bowl looping inwards
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title: Mihrab, Beijing, c.14 century ?, Sīnī
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identifier: China_SJ_14
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1301/1400
spatial: Exact
location created: China, Beijing, probably in a mosque
location: Ox Street Mosque, Beijing, China
language: Arabic
text type: Quran
script: Sīnī
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internalstructure: tight interwoven
internalstructure: large presence of positive space
internalstructure: sinuous
groupsofcharactersbaseline: irregular undulations
groupsofcharactersbaseline: oblique
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - bevelled head
alifascenders: alif - top right serif
alifascenders: alif - shaft tapers from thick to thin
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - bevelled head
lamascenders: lām - top right serif
lamascenders: lām - shaft tapers from thick to thin
kafascenders: initial medial and final elongated (mabsūṭah)
kafascenders: medial, initial vertical shaft
kafascenders: final vertical shaft
kafascenders: no top arm and superscript kāf
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft no serif
wawdescenders: circular ascending tail
wawdescenders: wāw - long flattened, tapered tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - long flattened, tapered tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shape ending in ascending hairline
mimdescenders: mīm - s-shape ending in ascending hairline
nundescenders: deep bowl ending in ascending hairline
nundescenders: deep bowl
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
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bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
hacounters: isolated one-eyed round (mu'arrāh)
hacounters: final s-shape with upstroke hairline
hacounters: medial swollen double-eyed top and bottom (mulawwazah)
hacounters: initial / medial rounded double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
facounters: rounded head
medialaincounters: compact inverted triangle / open or closed eye
mimcounters: circular head
additionalcharacteristics: Vertical elongation
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title: Portal, Beijing, c. 18-19th century, Sīnī
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identifier: China_SJ_15
creator: Shunhua Jin
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spatial: Exact
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language: Arabic
text type: Devotional text
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internalstructure: tight interwoven
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shading: medium contrast
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alifascenders: alif - looped (musalsal)
lamascenders: lām - looped (musalsal)
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mimdescenders: mīm - s-shape ending in ascending hairline
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badenticles: short upstroke
hacounters: final s-shape with upstroke hairline
mimcounters: rounded head pointed chin
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title: Door, Beijing, c.14th century ?, Sīnī
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identifier: China_SJ_16
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contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1301/1400
spatial: Exact
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location: Dongzhimen Mosque, Beijing, China
language: Arabic
text type: Devotional text
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script: Sīnī
colorscript: gold
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internalstructure: large presence of positive space
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groupsofcharactersbaseline: irregular undulations
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: absent
ligature: Abusive - rā’ and tāʾ marbūṭa
shading: medium contrast
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alifascenders: alif - top right serif
alifascenders: alif - shaft tapers from thick to thin
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - top right serif
lamascenders: lām - foot with left hook
kafascenders: no top arm and superscript kāf
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft with serif
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - crescent bowl
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hacounters: final s-shape with upstroke hairline
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additionalcharacteristics: considerable vertical elongation of the ascenders which are aligned close together in the central composition
additionalcharacteristics: Lām-alif is completely vertical with alif inclined sharply towards the right
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title: Mihrab, Hangzhou, c.14th century ?, Sīnī
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identifier: China_SJ_17
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location: Phoenix Mosque, Hangzhou, China
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title: Door, Shanghai, c.14th century ?, Sīnī
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identifier: China_SJ_18
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1301/1400
spatial: Approximate
location created: China, Shanghai
location: Songjiang Mosque, Shanghai, China
language: Arabic
text type: Quran
script: Sīnī
object type: architectural element\portal
medium: brick
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
scriptshape: rectangular
internalstructure: interwoven
internalstructure: piled
internalstructure: balanced negative and positive spaces
groupsofcharactersbaseline: irregular undulations
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: absent
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - vertical
alifascenders: alif - top right serif
alifascenders: alif - shaft tapers from thick to thin
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - top right serif
lamascenders: lām - shaft tapers from thick to thin
kafascenders: no top arm and superscript kāf
wawdescenders: wāw - crescent tail
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - crescent bowl
jimdescenders: closed looped tail
yadescenders: backward oblique stroke
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - curvilinear flattened tail
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: initial top right serif
hacounters: final s-shaped (muḥdawdibah)
facounters: soft triangular head
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title: Portal, Tianjin, c.19th century, Sīnī
created: 2025-12-16T08:03:01+00:00
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identifier: China_SJ_19
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created: 1801/1900
spatial: Approximate
location created: China, Tianjin
location: Tianjin South Mosque, Tianjin, China
language: Arabic
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title: Drum, Qinghai, c. 18-19th century, Sīnī
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identifier: China_SJ_20
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spatial: Approximate
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location: Mengda Mosque, Qinghai, China
language: Arabic
text type: Devotional text
text: Shahadah
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title: Manuscript, Beijing, 1401, Chinese Muḥaqqaq
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identifier: China_AVN_JC_01
creator: Annie Vernay-Nouri
creator: Johanna Cozzolino
created: 30 Muharram 804 H.
created: 1401-10-09
spatial: Approximate
location created: Сhina, Beijing
location: The Khalili Collections (QUR974), London
page: https://www.khalilicollections.org/collections/islamic-art/khalili-collection-islamic-art-part-29-of-a-30-part-quran-qur974/
language: Arabic
text type: Quran
script: Chinese Muḥaqqaq
colorscript: black
colorscript: red
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medium: other
size: 24.5 x 17.5 cm
ruling: 5 lines
technique: written
bibliographic citation: Rogers, John Michael. The Arts of Islam: Masterpieces from the Khalili Collection. Thames&Hudson. 2010. cat.176. p.151 ;
bibliographic citation: Bayani, Manijeh, Contadini, Anna, Stanley, Tim et al.. The Decorated Word: Qurʾans of the 17th to 19th Centuries. 2009. cat.1, p.10, 13-14 and 16-17 ;
bibliographic citation: Blair, Sheila. Islamic Calligraphy. Edinburgh University Press. Edinburgh, 2020. 373-375 ;
bibliographic citation: Humbert, Geneviève, and Vernay-Nouri, Annie. “De quelques corans chinois et leur papier.” Mélanges de l’Université Saint-Joseph LIX (2006): 253–67.
internalstructure: linear
groupsofcharactersbaseline: partial stacking of characters
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: occasional
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
ligature: Conventional - straight
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mimdescenders: mīm - long diagonal tapered tail, hairline ending
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jimdescenders: semicircular backward tail
jimdescenders: opening horizontal
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sinshindenticles: short rounded denticles
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: initial slightly inclined to left
badenticles: medial short pointed denticles
hacounters: isolated one-eyed triangular (murabba'ah)
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
facounters: soft triangular head
medialaincounters: wide inverted triangle
mimcounters: rounded head pointed chin
fathakasravocalizationcolour: black
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title: Manuscript, Beijing, 1401, --
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identifier: China_AVN_JC_02
creator: Annie Vernay-Nouri
creator: Johanna Cozzolino
created: 31 Muharram 804 H.
created: 1401-10-10
spatial: Exact
location created: Сhina, Beijing
location: The Khalili Collections (QUR974), London
page: https://www.khalilicollections.org/collections/islamic-art/khalili-collection-islamic-art-part-29-of-a-30-part-quran-qur974/
language: Arabic
text type: Devotional text
natureoftext: Bismillah
script: Other
colorscript: gold
signaturerole: Hajji Rashad ibn 'Ali al-Sini
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medium: other
size: 24.6 x 17.5 cm
technique: written
bibliographic citation: Rogers, John Michael. The Arts of Islam: Masterpieces from the Khalili Collection. Thames&Hudson. 2010. cat.176. p.151 ;
bibliographic citation: Bayani, Manijeh, Contadini, Anna, Stanley, Tim et al.. The Decorated Word: Qurʾans of the 17th to 19th Centuries. 2009. cat.1, p.10, 13-14 and 16-17 ;
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title: Manuscript, China, 15th-19th century, --
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identifier: China_AVN_JC_39
creator: Annie Vernay-Nouri
creator: Johanna Cozzolino
created: 1401/1900
spatial: Approximate
location created: China
location: Chester Beatty Library (CBL Is 1588)
language: Arabic
text type: Quran
script: Other
colorscript: black
object type: manuscript\codex
medium: other
size: 25.8 x 17.5 cm
ruling: 5 lines
technique: written
bibliographic citation: Humbert, Geneviève, and Vernay-Nouri, Annie. “De quelques corans chinois et leur papier.” Mélanges de l’Université Saint-Joseph LIX (2006): 253–67.
bibliographic citation: Arberry, Arthur John. The Koran Illuminated: A Handlist of the Korans in the Chester Beatty Library. Hodges, Figgis & Co, 1967.
lineofwriting: Line of writing - horizontal
groupsofcharactersbaseline: Groups of characters baseline - horizontal
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: occasional
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif -inclined to left
alifascenders: alif - top right elongated serif
alifascenders: alif - bevelled head
alifascenders: alif - thick vertical shaft
alifascenders: foot with left spur
lamascenders: lām - inclined to left
lamascenders: lām - top right elongated serif
lamascenders: lām - bevelled head
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - thick vertical shaft
kafascenders: initial medial and final elongated (mabsūṭah) with s-shape body
tazaascenders: rounded swollen body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft with serif
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wawdescenders: wāw - long flattened tapered tail, hairline ending
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - long flattened, tapered tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - long flattened tapered tail, hairline ending
mimdescenders: mīm - long diagonal tapered tail, hairline ending
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
nundescenders: deep bowl
jimdescenders: closing upward
bahorizontals: short bowl
sinshindenticles: short pointed denticles
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: initial slightly inclined to left
badenticles: medial triangular denticles
hacounters: initial / medial rounded double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
hacounters: isolated one-eyed round (mu'arrāh)
facounters: soft triangular head
medialaincounters: rounded head open eye
mimcounters: rounded head pointed chin
fathakasravocalization: oblique stroke (10°-35°)
fathakasravocalizationcolour: black
dammavocalization: comma
dammavocalizationcolour: black
sukunvocalization: circle
shaddavocalization: short denticles
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title: Manuscript, China, 15th-19th century, --
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identifier: China_AVN_JC_40
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created: 13 Jumada II H. in the 9th regnal year of the Chinese Sultan
created: 1401/1900
spatial: Approximate
location created: China
location: Private collection
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language: Arabic
text type: Quran
script: Other
colorscript: black
artist: Yusuf Ziya' al-Din
signaturerole: calligrapher
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medium: other
size: 32 x 23.5 cm
ruling: 17 lines
technique: written
characterspacing: irregular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: occasional
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: strong contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - s-shaped
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
alifascenders: alif - top right serif
alifascenders: alif - thin shaft
lamascenders: lām - inclined to left
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - top right serif
lamascenders: lām - thin shaft
kafascenders: initial medial and final elongated (mabsūṭah) with s-shape body
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft no serif
wawdescenders: circular ascending tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
mimdescenders: mīm - vertical downstroke
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
nundescenders: deep bowl
bahorizontals: short bowl
sinshindenticles: short pointed denticles
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: initial inclined to left
badenticles: medial triangular denticles
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) rounded
facounters: soft triangular head needle point eye
medialaincounters: wide inverted triangle
mimcounters: rounded head pointed chin
hamzavocalization: small ‘ain
hamzavocalization: small inverse Z
hamzavocalizationcolour: black
ihmalvocalization: superscript miniature kāf for medial or inital form
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title: Manuscript, Kunming, 1471, -
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identifier: China_AVN_JC_41
creator: Annie Vernay-Nouri
creator: Johanna Cozzolino
created: 1 Ramadan 875 H.
created: 1471-02-21
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location created: China, Yunnan province, Kunming
location: The Khalili Collections (QUR960), London
language: Arabic
text type: Quran
script: Other
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title: Tombstone, Beijing, 1280-1281, Other
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identifier: China_NBA_37
creator: Nourane Ben Azzouna
contributor: Johanna Cozzolino
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 679 H.
created: 1280/1281
spatial: Exact
location created: China, Beijing
location: In situ ?
page: http://www.epigraphie-islamique.uliege.be/thesaurus/User/EpigraphyDisplay.aspx
language: Arabic
text type: Funerary text
natureoftext: Epitaph
text: (١)‬ ‬الملك‬ للملك‮‬ ‬الأعلى‮ (٢)‬ ‬هذا‬ مرقد‬ من‬ كان‬ فى‭ ‬الدنيا‬ موفّقا‬ لاكتساب‬ أسباب‬ الخيرات ‮(٣)‬ ‬و‬ روضة‬ من‬ عمل‬ بأوامر‬ اللّه‬ لنيل‬ الدرجات‬ فى‬ روضات‬ الجنان ‮(٤)‬ ‬و‬ تربة‬ من‬ أكر(م) [؟]‬ <١> ‬أوقات‬ أيّام‬ حيوته‬ الدنياويّة‬ مشغول‬ بعمله‬ الدينى ‮‬‮(٥)‬ ‬بدر‬ الدولة‬ و‬ الدين‬ المسمّى‬ محمّد‬ بن‬ محمّد‬ بن‬ أحمد‬ البرهانى‬ القزوينى ‮(٦)‬ ‬و‬ قد‬ اتّفق‬ وفات هذا‬ <٢> الكريم‬ الذى‬ له‬ فى‬ الكرم‬ اليد‬ الطولى ‮‬‮(٧)‬ ‬ليلة‬ الإثنين‬ الخامس‬ من‬ الشهر‬ الذى‬ سمّيه‬ العرب‬ جمادى‬ الأولى ‮‬‮(٨)‬ ‬من‬ الشهور‬ الواقعة‬ فى‬ سنة‬ تسع‬ و‬ سبعين‬ و‬ ستّمائة ‮‬‮(٩)‬ ‬أكرمه‬ اللّه‬ تعالى‬ بقبول‬ الطاعة‬ و‮‬ ‬غفران‬ السيّئة
script: Other
object type: cenotaph/tombstone
medium: stone\type of stone\granite
shape: band
layout: 9 lines
technique: engraved
bibliographic citation: Zhao, Zhen-wu. “Lin-Zhai Bi-Ji“ (Notes Concernant Lin-Zhai).” Yue-Hua (Journal de Yue-Hua) février, VIII, no. 5 (1936);
bibliographic citation: Bai, Shou-yi. “Bei-Ping Niu-Jie Qing-Zhen-Si Xian-Xian Mu-Bei Ta-Pian, Yi, Er“ (Estampages Des Inscriptions Des Pierres Tombales Des Sages Musulmans Dans La Mosquée Niu-Jie à Bei-Jing, 1-2).” Yu-Gong (Magazine Historico-Géographique Chinois) août, V, no. 11 (1936);
bibliographic citation: Franke, Wolfgang. “Notes on Some Ancient Chinese Mosques.” In Documenta Barbarorum: Festschrift Für W. Heissig Zum 70. Geburtstag, coll. Veröffentlichungen der Societas Uralo-Altaica, edited by K. SAGASTER, vol. 18. Wiesbaden, 1983. 119 (mention) ;
bibliographic citation: Chen, Da-sheng. “Muslims Inscriptions on the Southeast Coastland of China : A Review of Studies.” In Etudes Orientales, Dirāsāt Šarqiya, XIII–XIV. 1994. 47 (mention) ;
bibliographic citation: Kalus, Ludvik. “The Spread of Islamic Inscriptions in East and Southeast Asia.” In By the Pen and What They Write: Writing in Islamic Art and Culture, edited by Sheila S. Blair and Jonathan M. Bloom. Yale University Press, 2017. 171 fig. 152.
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title: Tombstone, Beijing, 1283-1284, Other
created: 2025-12-17T10:56:27+00:00
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identifier: China_NBA_38
creator: Nourane Ben Azzouna
contributor: Johanna Cozzolino
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 682 H.
created: 1283/1284
spatial: Exact
location created: China, Beijing
location: In situ ?
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text type: Funerary text
natureoftext: Epitaph
text: (‮١) كلّ نفس ذائقة الموت (= ‬قرآن،‮ ٣‬،‮ ٢٨١\٥٨١ و ١٢‬،‮ ٦٣\٥٣ و ٩٢‬،‮ ٧٥) ‬‮(٢) ‬هذا مرقد الإمام الفاضل زين المجامع و المحافل‮ ‬‮(٣) ‬علىّ‮ ‬بن القاضى عماد الدين البخارى أكرمه برحمته الكريم‮ (٤) ‬البارى المعروف بقوام الدين الداعى الذى هو فى‮ (٥) ‬الخيرات ساعى و قد اتّفق إعراضه عن هذه الدنيا للّه ‮(٦) ‬يوم الأحد الخامس و العشرين من شوّال سنة إثنين و ثمانين و ستّمائة
script: Other
object type: cenotaph/tombstone
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shape: band
layout: 6 lines
technique: engraved
bibliographic citation: Zhao, Zhen-wu. “Lin-Zhai Bi-Ji“ (Notes Concernant Lin-Zhai).” Yue-Hua (Journal de Yue-Hua) février, VIII, no. 5 (1936);
bibliographic citation: Bai, Shou-yi. “Bei-Ping Niu-Jie Qing-Zhen-Si Xian-Xian Mu-Bei Ta-Pian, Yi, Er“ (Estampages Des Inscriptions Des Pierres Tombales Des Sages Musulmans Dans La Mosquée Niu-Jie à Bei-Jing, 1-2).” Yu-Gong (Magazine Historico-Géographique Chinois) août, V, no. 11 (1936) ;
bibliographic citation: Franke, Wolfgang. “Notes on Some Ancient Chinese Mosques.” In Documenta Barbarorum: Festschrift Für W. Heissig Zum 70. Geburtstag, coll. Veröffentlichungen der Societas Uralo-Altaica, edited by K. SAGASTER, vol. 18. Wiesbaden, 1983. 119 (mention) ;
bibliographic citation: Chen, Da-sheng. “Muslims Inscriptions on the Southeast Coastland of China : A Review of Studies.” In Etudes Orientales, Dirāsāt Šarqiya, XIII–XIV. 1994. 47 (mention) ;
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title: Tombstone, Fuzhou, 1305-1306, Other
created: 2025-12-17T10:56:27+00:00
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identifier: China_NBA_39
creator: Nourane Ben Azzouna
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contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 705 H.
created: 1305/1306
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text: (١)‬‭‬ ‬قال‬ اللّه‬ تعالى ‮(٢)‬ ‬كلّ‭‬ ‬نفس‬ ذائقة‬ الموت‮‬ (=‬ ‬قرآن،‮‬ ٣‬،‮‬ ١٨٢)‬ ‮(٣)‬‭‬ ‬اتفاق‬ افتاد‬ وفات‬ أمير‬ علاء‬ الدين‬ نور‬ اللّه‬ مضجعه ‮(٤)‬‭‬ ‬در‬ روز‬ آذر‬ هشتم‮‬ <١>‬ ‬ماه‬ ذو‬ القعدة‬ سنة‬ خمس‬ و‬ سبعمائة‮‬ ‬ ‮(٥)‬ ‬منها‬ خلقناكم‬ و‬ فيها‬ نعيدكم‬ و‬ منها‬ نخرجكم‬ تارة‬ أخرى‮‬ ‬
script: Other
object type: cenotaph/tombstone
medium: stone\type of stone\granite
shape: band
size: 48 x 50 cm
layout: 5 lines
technique: engraved
bibliographic citation: Zhuang, Wei-ji, and Chen, Da-Sheng. “Fu-Zhou Xing Fa-Xian de Yuan Ming Shi-Dai Yi-Si-Lan-Jiao Shi-Ji (Antiquités Islamiques Des Dynasties Yuan et Ming Trouvées Récemment à Fu-Zhou).” In Kao-Gu (Journal de l’Archéologie), vol. 3. Bei-jing, 1982. 284-288 ;
bibliographic citation: Chen, Da-sheng. “Islamic Architecture in China along the Silk Roads.” In Etudes Orientales, Dirāsāt Šarqiya, XI–XII. 1991. 187 (mention) ;
bibliographic citation: Chen, Da-sheng, and Kalus, Ludvik. Corpus d’inscriptions arabes et persanes en Chine. P. Geuthner, 1991. 272, n° 186.
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title: Tombstone, Hangzhou, 1316-1317, Other
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identifier: China_NBA_40
creator: Nourane Ben Azzouna
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created: 716 H.
created: 1316/1317
spatial: Exact
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location: Mosquée Fenghuangsi, Hangzhou
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text type: Funerary text
natureoftext: Epitaph
text: - ١ - (١) قال اللّه سبحانه و تعالى (٢) كلّ نفس ذائقة الموت و نبلوكم بالشرّ و الخير فتنة و إلينا ترجعون (= قرآن، ٢١، ٣٦ / ٣٥) (٣) و قال النبىّ صلّى اللّه عليه و على آله و سلّم أكثر و أذكر هادم اللذات و إنّ المنايا قاطعات الآمال و الليالى (٤) مدنيات الآجال و العبد عند خروج نفسه و حلول رمسه يرى <١> جزاءها روى فى الأخبار عن سيّد الأخيار و رسول الملك (٥) الجبّار محمّد النبىّ المختار عليه الصلوة الواحد القهّار انه قال من مات غريبا فقد مات شهيدا و لقوله عليه السلام موت الغريب شهادة (٦) انتقل من الدار الفانيّة إلى الدار الباقيّة و اختار الآجلة على العاجلة و آثر الآخرة <٢> على الأولى لعلمه إنّ إيثار الأخرى أخرى <٣> و أولى (٧) و اتّصل إلى رحمة اللّه تعالى راجيا عفوه و غفرانه مترقّبا فضله و إحسانه مستذريّا كنف طوله و رضوانه <٤> مستغفرا لخطاياه نادما على ما فرطه (٨) من ذنبه الشيخ الأجلّ الكبير الكريم المنعم المكرّم فخر التجّار مشهور الأمصار مربّى العلماء و العرفاء [؟] <٥> زكى<٦> الأخلاق رضى الاعراق المعروف (٩) ببن ملوك أطراف العراق المغفور المرحوم خواجه شمس الحقّ و الدين عن الإسلام و المسلمين محمّد بن أحمد بن أبى نصر الإصفهانى تغمّده <٧> اللّه بالرحمة (١٠) و الرضوان و أسكنه بحبوحة الجنان و كان زمان وفاته فى ليلة الجمعة السادس من شهر اللّه الأصمّ رجب عظّم اللّه حرمته (١١) سنة ستّ عشر و سبعمائة - ٢ - (١) كلّ حىّ سيموت و هو حىّ لا يموت (٢) دلا مباش مغفّل ز ملك عالم جان / از انك عالم جان راست ملك جاويدان (٣) مدار جان گرامى جاودانى را / بغفلت از پى عيش دو روز سر گردان (٤) درين جهان كه رباطيست در ره عقبى / پر اژدها كى يود قوتشان هم از انسان (٥) ازين رباط پر از اژدهاء مردم خوار / گذر كه نيست مقام معاش و جاء امان (٦) طمع مدار كزو ذرّهء وفا بينى / چو هست اورا پيوسته بر جفا بنيان (٧) مخور فريب و غرور زمانه جافى / كى هر چه داد بتو باز گيرد از تو همان (٨) بداد دانش و كوشش اگر خردمندى / تو نيز دادهء خود يك بيك ازو بستان (٩) نبى چو گفت كه دل در جهان نبايد بست / از ان سبب كه ندارد ثبات سفله جهان (١٠) چرا تو قول نبى را نمى كنى باور / گرت مهارت عقلست و روشنايىء جان (١١) تو فكر كن كه كيان بوده اند پيش از تو / ز انبيا و ولى و ز قيصر و خاقان (١٢) كجا شدند كز ايشان نمى دهند خبر / كجا شدند كز ايشان …
script: Other
object type: cenotaph/tombstone
medium: stone\type of stone\limestone
shape: band
size: 98 x 65 x 16 cm
layout: Inscription on two faces: I- 11 lines; II- 21 lines
technique: engraved
bibliographic citation: Guo, Cheng-mei, and Guo, Qun-mei. “‘Hang-Zhou a-La-Bo-Wen Bo-Si-Wen Gu-Mu-Bei Kao’ (Etude Sur Les Pierres Tombales Arabes et Persanes Trouvées à Hang-Zhou).” Presented at the international seminar “The Maritime Silk Route and the Islamic Culture” (Quan-zhou, China), February 22, 1994 ;
bibliographic citation: [A.H. MORTON (éd. par YAO Dali), dans Qinghua Yuanshi, Nanking; Qinghua Academy of Chinese Learning, Qinghua University, I, 1, dec. 2010] ;
bibliographic citation: Morton, Alexander. “Tombstones : Translations and Transliteration.” In The Phoenix Mosque and the Persians of Medieval Hangzhou, Coll. Persian Studies Series, edited by George Lane. Londres, 2018. Appendix I, p. 109-117 ;
bibliographic citation: Kalus, Ludvik. “The Spread of Islamic Inscriptions in East and Southeast Asia.” In By the Pen and What They Write: Writing in Islamic Art and Culture, edited by Sheila S. Blair and Jonathan M. Bloom. Yale University Press, 2017. 171 fig. 150.
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title: Tombstone, Hangzhou, 1317-1318, Other
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_NBA_41
creator: Nourane Ben Azzouna
contributor: Johanna Cozzolino
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 717 H.
created: 1317/1318
spatial: Exact
location created: China, Zhejiang province, Hangzhou
location: Mosquée Fenghuangsi, Hangzhou
page: http://www.epigraphie-islamique.uliege.be/thesaurus/User/EpigraphyDisplay.aspx
language: Arabic
text type: Funerary text
natureoftext: Epitaph
text: (١) كلّ نفس ذائقة الموت (= ‬قرآن،‮ ٣‬،‮ ٢٨١\٥٨١ و ١٢‬،‮ ٦٣\٥٣ و ٩٢‬،‮ ٧٥) ‬(٢) قال النبىّ صلّى اللّه عليه و على آله و سلّم من مات غريبا (٣) فقد مات شهيدا و قال عليه الصلوة و التحيّة موت الغريب شهادة (٤) اعرض عن دار الغرور إلى دار السرور و فارق الإخوان و فوصل <١> (٥) إلى رحمة اللّه الملك الديّان و هو الأجلّ الكبير كريم فخر الأقران (٦) بديع الخلان المغفور المرحوم خواجه محمّد بن ارسلان الخانبالقى (٧) تغمّده اللّه بالرحمة و الرضوان و أسكنه فى أعلى الجنان (٨) و كان وفاته الخامس من محرّم من سنة سبع عشر و سبعمائة
script: Other
object type: cenotaph/tombstone
medium: stone\type of stone\limestone
shape: band
size: 58 x 44 cm
layout: 8 lines
technique: engraved
bibliographic citation: [GUO Cheng-mei et GUO Qun-mei, "Hang-zhou a-la-bo-wen bo-si-wen gu-mu-bei kao" (Etude sur les pierres tombales arabes et persanes trouvées à Hang-zhou), communication présentée au Séminaire international "The Maritime Silk Route and the Islamic Culture", Quan-zhou, Chine, 22-26 février, 1994] ;
bibliographic citation: Morton, Alexander. “Tombstones : Translations and Transliteration.” In The Phoenix Mosque and the Persians of Medieval Hangzhou, Coll. Persian Studies Series, edited by George Lane. Londres, 2018. Appendix I, p. 118-121.
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title: Slab, Quanzhou, 1323, Other
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identifier: China_NBA_42
creator: Nourane Ben Azzouna
contributor: Johanna Cozzolino
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 723 H.
created: 1323
spatial: Exact
location created: China, Fujian province, Quanzhou
location: In situ
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language: Arabic
text type: Other
text: (١)‬ ‬عمرت‬ هذه‬ المقبرة‬ المباركة‬ جماعة‬ من‬ المسلمين‬ حفظهم ‮(٢)‬ ‬اللّه‬ تعالى‬ طلبا‬ لمرضات‬ اللّه‬ عزّ‮‬ ‬و‬ جلّ‮‬ ‬و‬ جزيل‬ ثوابه ‮(٣)‬ ‬إلى‮‬ ‬‬صاحبى‬ البركات‬ اللذان‮‬ <١>‬ ‬كانا‮‬ (‬؟‮)‬ <٢>‬ ‬دخلا‮‬ ‬ ‮(٤)‬ ‬هذا‬ البلد‬ فى‭‬ ‬زمان‬ الفغفور‮‬ (‬كذا‮)‬ ‬و‬ قيل‬ إنّهم‬ أصحاب ‮(٥)‬ ‬الخيرات‬ فتوفيا‬ و‬ انتقلا‬ من‬ الدار‬ الفنيّة ‮(٦)‬ ‬إلى‬ الدار‬ البقيّة‬ الناس‬ اعتقدوا‬ فيهما‬ بسبب ‮(٧)‬ ‬بركاتهما‬ فإذا‬ اشتدّت‬ بهم‬ الأمور‬ و‬ عجزوا ‮(٨)‬ ‬و‬ تحيّروا‬ استعانوا‬ بهما‬ و‬ تعقدوا‮‬ (‬؟‮)‬ <٣>‬ ‬لأجل ‮(٩)‬ ‬زيارتهما‬ شتاء‮‬ (‬؟‮)‬ <٤>‬ ‬فأفادوا‬ و‬ رجعوا‬ سالمين‮‬ (‬كذا‮)‬‭‬ ‬‮<٥>‬ ‬ ‮(٠١)‬ ‬و‬ كتبت‬ هذه‬ التذكرة‬ فى‭‬ ‬رمضان‬ سنة‬ ثلث‬ و‬ عشرين‬ و‬ سبعمائة‮‬
script: Other
object type: architectural element\panel
medium: other
shape: band
size: 55.5 x 11 x 12.5 cm
layout: 10 lines
technique: engraved
bibliographic citation: Berchem, Max van. “Les Inscriptions Arabes de Ts’iuan-Tcheou.” In T’oung-Pao, XII. 1911. p. 721. (Opera Minora, II, Fondation Max van Berchem, Genève, 1978, p. 730) ;
bibliographic citation: Chen, Da-sheng. Islamic Inscriptions in Quanzhou. Fu-zhou, 1984. 96, n° 205 ;
bibliographic citation: Chen, Da-sheng. “Islamic Architecture in China along the Silk Roads.” In Etudes Orientales, Dirāsāt Šarqiya, XI–XII. 1991. p. 185 (mention) ;
bibliographic citation: Chen, Da-sheng, and Kalus, Ludvik. Corpus d’inscriptions arabes et persanes en Chine. P. Geuthner, 1991. 221-22, n° 149 ;
bibliographic citation: Kalus, Ludvik. “The Spread of Islamic Inscriptions in East and Southeast Asia.” In By the Pen and What They Write: Writing in Islamic Art and Culture, edited by Sheila S. Blair and Jonathan M. Bloom. Yale University Press, 2017. 171 fig. 150.
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title: Tombstone, Yangzhou, 1324, Other
created: 2025-12-17T10:56:28+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_NBA_43
creator: Nourane Ben Azzouna
contributor: Johanna Cozzolino
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 724 H.
created: 1324
spatial: Exact
location created: China, Jiangsu province, Yangzhou
location: In situ (c. 1990)
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language: Arabic
text type: Funerary text
natureoftext: Epitaph
text: - ١- أ - (١) فوقاهم اللّه شرّ ذلك اليوم و لقّيهم نضرة و سرورا و جزاهم (بما صبروا جنّة و حريرا متّكين فيها) (٢) على الآرائك لا يرون فيها شمسا و لا زمهريرا (٣) و دانية عليهم ظلالها و ذلّلت قطوفها تذليلا و يطاف عليهم بانية من فضّة (و أكواب كانت قواريرا) (= قرآن ، ٧٦، ١١-١٥) - ب - (١) كلّ نفس ذائقة الموت (= ‬قرآن،‮ ٣‬،‮ ٢٨١\٥٨١ و ١٢‬،‮ ٦٣\٥٣ و ٩٢‬،‮ ٧٥) (٢) روى فى الأخبار عن سيّد الأخيار و رسول الملك الجبّار محمّد النبىّ المختار (٣) عليه الصلوة الواحد القهّار إنّه قال من مات غريبا فقد مات شهيدا و قال عليه (٤) الصلوة و التحيّة موت الغريب شهادة (٥) انتقل من الدار الفانيّة إلى الدار الباقيّة و اختار الآجلة على العاجلة و آير الآخرة على الأولى (٦) لعلمه ان ايثار الأخرى أخرى و أولى و اتّصل إلى رحمة اللّه تعالى راجيا عفوه و غفرانه (٧) مترقيّا فضله و إحسانه مستذريّا كيف طوله و رضوانه مستغفرا لخطاياة نادما (٨) على ما فرط من ذنبه و هو الأجلّ الأعزّ الأكرم الأمجد الأشرف الأوحد مقبول الصدقة (٩) و الامراء مربّى العلماء و الفقراء المغفور المرحوم شمس الدين بن شرف الدين العولغى [؟] (١٠) تغمّده اللّه بالرحمة و الرضوان و أسكنه بحبوحة الجنان و كان ذلك فى التأريخ أوائل (١١) من جمادى الآخر سنة أربع و عشرين و سبعمائة (١٢) اللهمّ ارحم غريبه و طيّب تربته و صلّى اللّه على محمّد و آله الطيّبين الطاهرين - ٢ - (١) بسم اللّه الرحمن الرحيم (٢) قل هو اللّه أحد اللّه الصمد (٣) لم‮ ‬يلد و لم‮ ‬يولد و لم‮ ‬يكن له (٤) كفوا أحد‮ (= ‬قرآن،‮ ٢١١)‬'
script: Other
object type: cenotaph/tombstone
medium: stone\type of stone\limestone
shape: band
size: 97 x 67 x 19 cm
layout: Inscription on two faces: I- 12 lines; II- 4 lines
technique: engraved
bibliographic citation: Zhu, Jiang. “Yang-Zhou Xian-He-Si a-La-Bo-Ren Mu-Bei Ji" (Sur Les Pierres Tombales Des Arabes Dans La Mosquée Xian-He-Si à Yang-Zhou).” In Wen-Wu Can-Kao Zi-Liao (Matériel de Référence Pour Les Monuments), vol. 11. Bei-jing, 1957. 47 ;
bibliographic citation: Liu, Bin-ru and Chan, Da-zuo. “Yang-Zhou Hui-Hui-Tang He Yuan-Dai a-La-Bo-Wen de Mu-Bei" (Sur Le Hall Hui-Hui et Les Pierres Tombales Arabes de La Dynastie Yuan de Yang-Zhou).” In Jiang-Hai Xue-Kan (Journal de Jiang-Hai), vol. 2. Shang-hai, 1962. 48-49 ;
bibliographic citation: Chen, Da-sheng. “Yang-Zhou Yi-Si-Lan-Jiao Bei-Wen Xin-Zheng (Nouvelle Lumière Sur Les Inscriptions Islamiques de Yang-Zhou).” In Hai-Jiao-Shi Yan-Jiu (Recherches Sur l’histoire Des Relations Maritimes Chinoise), vol. 5. Quan-zhou, 1983. 105-109 ;
bibliographic citation: Afšār, Īraǧ. “Ǧong-i Čīnī Yā Safīne-Ye Īlānī, Qesmat-i Panǧom.” Āyande VIII, no. 12 (1983). [partial transcription]
bibliographic citation: Ahmad, Aziz. “Miszellen. The Sufi and the Sultan in Pre-Mughal Muslim India.” Der Islam. Der Islam 38 (1963): 142–60 ;
bibliographic citation: Chen, Da-sheng. “Muslims Inscriptions on the Southeast Coastland of China : A Review of Studies.” In Etudes Orientales, Dirāsāt Šarqiya, XIII–XIV. 1994. 51 (mention).
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title: Slab, Guangzhou, 1350-1351, Other
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identifier: China_NBA_44
creator: Nourane Ben Azzouna
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created: 751 H.
created: 1350/1351
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language: Turkish
text type: Other
text: - أ - <١> ‮- ب - (١)‬‭‬ ‬قال‬ اللّه‬ تعالى‮‬ إنّما يعمر مساجد اللّه من آمن باللّه و اليوم الآخر (= قرآن، ٩، ١٨) و‬ قال‬ النبىّ‮‬ ‬عليه‬ السلام‬ من‬ بنى‬ مسجدا‬ للّه‬ تعالى‬ بنى‬ اللّه‬ تعالى‬ له‬ سبعين‬ ألف ‮(٢)‬‭‬ ‬قصرا‮‬ (‬كذا‮)‬ ‬فى‭‬ ‬الجنّة‬ استتمّ‮‬ ‬هذا‬ بناء‬ المسجد‬ الجامع‬ الكبير‬ الصحابى‬ رضى‬ اللّه‬ عنه‬ لمسعود‬ الابتداء‬ و‬ محمود‬ الانتهاء‬ بهمم‬ قوّاد ‮(٣)‬ ‬الأمير‬ المعالى‬ إلى‬ صدر‬ الأعالى‬ أمير‬ محمود‬ و‬يشاد‬ أدام‬ اللّه‬ حرمته‬ المتعالى‬ بتأريخ‬ سنة‬ إحدى‬ و‬ خمسين‬ و‬ سبعمائة‬ فى‬ شهر‬ رجب‬ تحريرا‬ فى‬ جيجينك‬ ‮٠١‬ ‬نىن‬ سكسنجى مه ١‬ - ت - <١>'
script: Other
object type: architectural element\panel
medium: stone\type of stone\limestone
shape: band
layout: 3.5 lines
technique: engraved
bibliographic citation: Dieterici, Fr. “Arabisches Aus Kanton.” Zeitschrift Des Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft XIII (1859): 475–77 ;
bibliographic citation: Dabry de Thiersant, C.P. Le Mahometisme En Chine et Dans Le Turkestan Oriental. I. Paris, 1878. 88 ;
bibliographic citation: Himly, K. “Die Denkmäler Der Kantoner Moschee.” Zeitschrift Des Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft XLI (1887): 141–74;
bibliographic citation: Deveria, Gabriel. “Origines de l’islamisme En Chine.” Centenaire de l’Ecole Des Langues Orientales Vivantes 1795-1895, Paris. 325 ;
bibliographic citation: Pelliot, Paul, Huart, Clément, and Ross, Denison. “Les plus anciens documents de l’écriture arabe en Chine.” Journal Asiatique, XI, no. II (1913): 178–79. note 1 (English summary of earlier works and discussion of the date written in Arabic script) ;
bibliographic citation: Ma, Yi-yu. “Zhong-Guo Hui-Jiao-Zhu Ming Li-Bai-Si Ji (On Famous Mosques in China).” Dong-Fang Za-Zhi (East Journal) XLII, no. 3 (1946). 43-49 ;
bibliographic citation: Bai, Shou-yi. “Ba Chong-Jian Huai-Sheng-Si Ji (On Recording of Rebuilding of Huai-Sheng-Si Mosque»).” Min-Guo Ri-Bao - Shi Yu Di Zhou-Kan (Newspaper of the Republic of China - Weekly Bulletin of History and Geography), January 20, 1947 ;
bibliographic citation: Broomhall, Marshall. Islam in China A Neglected Problem. Morgan & Scott, Limited, 1910. 111 (partial English translation of the Arabic text) ;
bibliographic citation: Tang, Yan. “Guangzhou de A-La-Bo-Wen Diao-Ke Shi Lia" (The Arabic Carving Materials at Guangzhou).” A-La-Bo Shi-Jie (Arab World), no. n° 4 (1988): 39–43 ;
bibliographic citation: Chen, Da-sheng. “A Study on the Ancient Arabic and Persian Stone Inscriptions on the Southeast Coast of China.” Urbanism in Islam. The Proceedings of the International Conference on Urbanism in Islam (Tokyo), October 22, 1989, 60. (mention) ;
bibliographic citation: Zhong, Yuan-xiu, ed. Guang-Zhou Yi-Si-Lan Gu-Ji Yan-Jiu (Study on Islamic Monuments at Guangzhou). Yinchuan, 1989. 3-4 (many errors) ;
bibliographic citation: Chen, Da-sheng. “Islamic Architecture in China along the Silk Roads.” In Etudes Orientales, Dirāsāt Šarqiya, XI–XII. 1991. 181 (mention) ;
bibliographic citation: Chen, Da-sheng. “Muslims Inscriptions on the Southeast Coastland of China : A Review of Studies.” In Etudes Orientales, Dirāsāt Šarqiya, XIII–XIV. 1994. 46 (mention).
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title: Tombstone, Guangzhou, 1350-1351, Other
created: 2025-12-17T10:56:28+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_NBA_45
creator: Nourane Ben Azzouna
contributor: Johanna Cozzolino
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 751 H.
created: 1350/1351
spatial: Exact
location created: China, Guangdong province, Guangzhou
location: Displaced
page: http://www.epigraphie-islamique.uliege.be/thesaurus/User/EpigraphyDisplay.aspx
language: Arabic
language: Persian
text type: Funerary text
natureoftext: Epitaph
text: - أ - كلّ نفس ذائقة الموت (= ‬قرآن،‮ ٣‬،‮ ٢٨١\٥٨١ و ١٢‬،‮ ٦٣\٥٣ و ٩٢‬،‮ ٧٥) ‬- ب - (١) ‮ ‬اللّه لا إله إلّا هو الحىّ‮ ‬القيّوم لا تأخذه سنة و لا نوم له ما فى السموات (٢) و ما فى الأرض من ذا الذى‮ ‬يشفع عنده إلّا بإذنه‮ ‬يعلم ما بين أيديهم (٣) و ما خلفهم و لا‮ ‬يحيطون بشئ من علمه إلّا بما شاء وسع كرسيّه السموات (٤) و الأرض و لا‮ ‬يؤده حفظهما و هو العلىّ العظيم‮ (= ‬قرآن،‮ ٢‬،‮ ٦٥٢\٥٥٢) قال رسول اللّه صلّى اللّه عليه و سلّم من مات غريبا (٥) فقد مات شهيدا هذا القبر من مرقد العبد الضعيف رمضان بن علاؤ الدين كان +.+ (٦) المرحومة المغفورة غفر اللّه لهم در ... نهم ماه هست (هشت ؟) ... ٩ نين از دار فنا (٧) بدار بقا رحلة كرد التأريخ فى يوم السبت نهم من شهر اللّه المبارك رجب (٨) سنة إحدى و خمسين و سبعمائة و بالخطايية ١١ سكسنجى مه ١ جيجينك ‬نىن'
script: Other
object type: cenotaph/tombstone
medium: stone\type of stone\schist
shape: band
size: 64 x 43 x 5.4 cm
layout: 9 lines
technique: engraved
bibliographic citation: Zhong, Yuan-xiu, ed. Guang-Zhou Yi-Si-Lan Gu-Ji Yan-Jiu (Study on Islamic Monuments at Guangzhou). Yinchuan, 1989. 91-92 (reading is to be interpreted with caution).
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title: Tombstone, Fuzhou, 1364-1365, Other
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_NBA_46
creator: Nourane Ben Azzouna
contributor: Johanna Cozzolino
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 766 H.
created: 1364/1365
spatial: Exact
location created: China, Fujian province, Fuzhou
location: Displaced
page: http://www.epigraphie-islamique.uliege.be/thesaurus/User/EpigraphyDisplay.aspx
language: Arabic
text type: Funerary text
natureoftext: Epitaph
text: ‮[١]‬ -‬ ‬أ‮‬ -‬ ‬قال‬ اللّه‬ تعالى ‮(٢)‬‭‬ ‬كلّ‮‬ ‬نفس‬ ذائقة‬ الموت‮‬ ‬(=‬ ‬قرآن،‮‬ ٣‬،‮‬ ١٨٢)‬ ‬‬قال‬ رسول ‮(٣)‬‭‬ ‬اللّه‬ عليه‬ السلام‬ من‬ مات‮‬ ‬غريبا‬ فقد‬ مات‬ شهيدا ‮(٤)‬ انتقل‬ فى‮‬ (‬كذا‮)‬ ‬دار‬ الغرور‬ إلى‬ دار‬ السرور‬ أمير‬ قلبغا‮‬ (‬؟‮)‬ ‮(٥)‬‭‬ ‬الىاىحى‮‬ (‬؟‮)‬ ‬بك‬ إبن‬ أمير‬ رمضان‬ بهتكين‮‬ (‬؟‮)‬ ‬لاحكى‮‬ (‬؟‮)‬ ‬بك ‮(٦)‬‭‬ ‬إبن‬ أمير‬ حسين‬ ارماكهيبك‮‬ (‬؟‮)‬ ‬كرداحولحى‮‬ (‬؟‮)‬ ‬الخوارزمى‮‬ (‬؟‮)‬ ‮(٧)‬ ‬فى‮‬ ‬يوم‬ الثالث‬ من‬ شهر‬ الصيام‬ رمضان ‮(٨)‬ ‬سنة‬ ستّ‭‬ ‬و‬ ستّين‬ و‬ سبعمائة
script: Other
object type: cenotaph/tombstone
medium: other
shape: other
size: 69 x 27 x 8 cm
layout: 8 lines
technique: engraved
bibliographic citation: Zhuang, Wei-ji, and Chen, Da-Sheng. “Fu-Zhou Xing Fa-Xian de Yuan Ming Shi-Dai Yi-Si-Lan-Jiao Shi-Ji (Antiquités Islamiques Des Dynasties Yuan et Ming Trouvées Récemment à Fu-Zhou).” In Kao-Gu (Journal de l’Archéologie), vol. 3. Bei-jing, 1982. 285 ;
bibliographic citation: Chen, Da-sheng, and Kalus, Ludvik. Corpus d’inscriptions arabes et persanes en Chine. P. Geuthner, 1991. 269, n° 185.
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title: Panel , Quanzhou, 1349-1350, Other
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identifier: China_NBA_47
creator: Nourane Ben Azzouna
contributor: Johanna Cozzolino
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 750 H.
created: 1349/1350
spatial: Exact
location created: China, Fujian province, Quanzhou
location: Museum of Anthropology of Xiamen University
page: http://www.epigraphie-islamique.uliege.be/thesaurus/User/EpigraphyDisplay.aspx
language: Arabic
text type: Quran
natureoftext: Reference for Quranic verses
text: ‮(١)‬‭‬ ‬‮‬ ‬بسم‬ اللّه‬ الرحمن‬ الرحيم‮‬ ‬ ‮(٢)‬‭‬ ‬قل‬ هو‬ اللّه‬ أحد‬ اللّه‬ الصمد ‮(٣)‬ [‬لم‮‬ ‬يلد‮]‬ ‬و‬ لم‮‬ ‬يولد‬ و‬ لم‮‬ ‬يكن‬ له‬ كفوا‬ أحد‮‬ (=‬ ‬قرآن، ‮‬١١٢)‬
script: Other
object type: architectural element\panel
medium: other
shape: band
size: 66 x 56 x 13 cm
layout: 3 lines
technique: engraved
bibliographic citation: Wu, Wen-liang. Quan-Zhou Zong-Jiao Shi-Ke (Inscriptions Religieuses de Quan-Zhou). Bei-jing, 1957. Additions n° 3 ;
bibliographic citation: Chen, Da-sheng. Islamic Inscriptions in Quanzhou. Fu-zhou, 1984. 79, n° 153 ;
bibliographic citation: Chen, Da-sheng, and Kalus, Ludvik. Corpus d’inscriptions arabes et persanes en Chine. P. Geuthner, 1991. 169, n° 87.
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title: Tombstone, Hangzhou, 1397-1398, Other
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identifier: China_NBA_48
creator: Nourane Ben Azzouna
contributor: Johanna Cozzolino
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 800 H.
created: 1397/1398
spatial: Exact
location created: China, Zhejiang province, Hangzhou
location: Mosquée Fenghuangsi, Hangzhou
page: http://www.epigraphie-islamique.uliege.be/thesaurus/User/EpigraphyDisplay.aspx
language: Arabic
text type: Funerary text
natureoftext: Epitaph
text: (١) قال اللّه تعالى فى محكم كتابه [؟] و خير من تأويله <١> (٢) [قل اللّه يحييكم ثمّ يميتكم ثمّ] يجمعكم إلى يوم القيامة لا ريب فيه و لكنّ أكثر الناس لا يعلمون (= قرآن، ٤٥، ٢٥ / ٢٦) (٣) +++ المكّى و نبيه المدنى .... التحيّات اكملها <٢> إذا مات عالم بكت السماء و الأرض (٤) له السلام موت العالم مصيبة لا يجبر و ثلمة لا يبيد <٣> صدق اللّه ++.++.++ (٥) ++++ الربانى العامل الكامل الصمدانى منار المجد و الهدى مدار اليمن الـ +++ <٤> (٦) ++++++++++.+++.+++++++++++++
script: Other
object type: cenotaph/tombstone
medium: stone\type of stone\limestone
shape: band
size: 45 x 43 x 18 cm
layout: 6 lines
technique: engraved
bibliographic citation: Guo, Cheng-mei, and Guo, Qun-mei. “‘Hang-Zhou a-La-Bo-Wen Bo-Si-Wen Gu-Mu-Bei Kao’ (Etude Sur Les Pierres Tombales Arabes et Persanes Trouvées à Hang-Zhou).” Presented at the international seminar “The Maritime Silk Route and the Islamic Culture” (Quan-zhou, China), February 22, 1994.;
bibliographic citation: Morton, Alexander. “Tombstones : Translations and Transliteration.” In The Phoenix Mosque and the Persians of Medieval Hangzhou, Coll. Persian Studies Series, edited by George Lane. Londres, 2018. 187-190.
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title: Door, Hangzhou, 1452-1453, Other
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identifier: China_NBA_49
creator: Nourane Ben Azzouna
contributor: Johanna Cozzolino
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 856 H.
created: 1452/1453
spatial: Exact
location created: China, Zhejiang province, Hangzhou
location: Disapeared in 1929
page: http://www.epigraphie-islamique.uliege.be/thesaurus/User/EpigraphyDisplay.aspx
language: Arabic
text type: Quran
natureoftext: Reference for Quranic verses
text: قال اللّه سبحانه و تعالى و إنّ المساجد للّه فلا تدعوا مع اللّه أحدا (= قرآن، ٧٢، ١٨)
script: Other
object type: architectural element\door
medium: brick
shape: band
layout: 1 line
bibliographic citation: A. VISSIERE, "Etudes sino-mahométans", deuxième série, VII, "L'islamisme à Hang-tcheou", dans Revue du Monde Musulman, XXII, Paris, 1913, p. 31-32 (mention seulement).
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title: Slab, Xi'an, 1454-1455, Other
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identifier: China_NBA_50
creator: Nourane Ben Azzouna
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created: 859 H.
created: 1454/1455
spatial: Exact
location created: China, Shaanxi province, Xi'an
location: In situ ?
page: http://www.epigraphie-islamique.uliege.be/thesaurus/User/EpigraphyDisplay.aspx
language: Arabic
language: Persian
text type: Other
text: (١) بسم اللّه الرحمن الرحيم (٢) هذا مسجد أسس على التقوى أحقّ أن تقوم فيه (= قرآن، ٩، ١٠٩) للّه تعالى (٣) بمقام نص قاطع ربّانى و برهان ساطع صمدانى كه إنّما يعمر مساجد اللّه من آمن باللّه و اليوم الآخر (= قرآن، ٩، ١٨) و حديث نبوىّ و كلام (٤) مصطفوى كه من عمر بيت اللّه عمر اللّه بيته فى الدنيا و الآخرة هر صاحب دولتى را كه ديده بصيرت او بنور (٥) فاعتبروا يا أولى الأبصار (= قرآن، ٥٩،٢، ٢) منوّر و چشم بصارت او بكحل يهدى اللّه لنوره من يشاء مبجّل باشد نزد او اظهر (٦) عن الشمس و ابين من الأمس خواهد بود كه بهترين خيرات و مفيدترين مبرات بناى مساجد و عمارت بايد است (٧) چنانچه منطوق اين حديث كه من بنى للّه تعالى مسجدا بنى اللّه له بيتا فى الجنّة هم برين شاهد است و اين سعادت (٨) مقبولان بارگاه إحدى و مخصوصان درگاه محمّدى را روزى كردد چنان كه درين مدت در عهد اين پادشاه سكندر بخت (٩) فغفور تحت بر افرازندهء اعلام شاهى بر افروزندهء انوار پادشاهى (١٠) چاكر درگاه او خسرو جم اقتدا[ر] (اقتدار) بندهء فرمان او قيصر خاقان تبار از هنرش گاه رزم وزكرمش روز بزم رستم دستان خجل حاتم طى شرمسار (١١) تاج سر افزازيش داده ز كسرى نشان تحت شهنشاهيش ماند زكى يادگار تا بجهان ملكت كار زمانرا نظام سطح زمينرا شكوه دور فلكرا مدار (١٢) باقى و ماننده باد دولت داى مينك خان مملكتش بر دوام سلطنتش بر قرار <١> اين سعادت و دولت و اين توفيق و هدايت به بناى چنين (١٣) مسجدك قرين حال و ذخر مال كسى شد كه كفيل مصالح أهل إسلام و مرجع و ملاذ انام است كشايندهء أبواب (١٤) خير و إحسان بنا نهندهء آثار بر و امتنان مربّى السادات و العلما عون الضعفاء و الغربا المنظور بنظر الملك المنّان (١٥) عمره اللّه و عفاه عمر كما عمر بيت اللّه لأمة خير البشر بنا نهاد يتاييد حضرت متعال عمارتى كه ندارد (١٦) جو كعبة شبه و مثال چنانچه اين قصيدة از اين شكسته در وصف آن و اقسعت (١٧) <٢> اى عجب گر ديده باشد در بسيط روزكار ديد كردون چنين ايوان كيوان اقتدار هذه جنّات عدن فأدخلوها خالدين (= قرآن ، ٣٤، ٧٣) ميكند هردم ندايى هاتفى در هم ديار (١٨) روشنايى ميبرد هر شام از قنديل او شمع روشن سوز عالمتاب اين عالى حصار بر شرف خورشيد كردانست و لرزان دايما تا نبيند آفتى ناگه زچشم روزگار (١٩) با و جود شمسهء سقف زر اندودش فلك گشته است از آفـ[ـتا]ب (آقتاب) خويشتن بس شر…
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bibliographic citation: Berthelot, Phlippe. “Notes Sur Les Résultats Scientifiques d’une Mission Diplomatique En Chine.” Bulletin de l’École Française d’Extrême-Orient 5, no. 3/4 (1905): 406–14. n° 4 (mention) ;
bibliographic citation: Berthelot, Philippe. “Note Sur Des Inscriptions Arabes, Persanes et Chinoises Du Chen-Si, Du Ho-Nan et Du Chan-Toung.” Comptes Rendus Des Séances de l’Académie Des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, no. 1 (1905). 189, n° 4 (mention) ;
bibliographic citation: Huart, Clément. “Inscriptions Arabes et Persanes Des Mosquées Chinoises de K’ai-Fong-Fou et de Si-Nganfou.” T’oung Pao Second Series, 6, no. 3 (1905): 269–71. n° 2 ;
bibliographic citation: Franke, Wolfgang. “Notes on Some Ancient Chinese Mosques.” In Documenta Barbarorum: Festschrift Für W. Heissig Zum 70. Geburtstag, coll. Veröffentlichungen der Societas Uralo-Altaica, edited by K. Sagaster, vol. 18. Wiesbaden, 1983. 113 (mention).
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created: 928 H.
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text: (١) بسم اللّه الرحمن الرحيم (٢) الحمد للّه الذى جعل القرآن لنا هاديا شافيا و نبيّه لنا داعيا شافعا و المساجد لنا (٣) شاهدا مبشّرا داعيا إلى ربّه الأحدية و عصمة من فتن المهلكة و البليةو تنبّها عن نومة الغفلة (٤) و نجاتا من عقوبة الدنيوية و الأخروية و سببا لمغفرة الذنوب الصغيرة و الكبيرة و بلاغة إلى كرامة ربّه (٥) الصمدية و وصولة إلى درجة السعادة الأبدية و هى البيوت التى رفعت بإذن اللّه و بنيت لاجتماع الناس لأداء (٦) المكتوبات فى خمسة أوقات و يصلى بهم الإمام الجماعة [بـ]ـآذان (بآذان) و إقامة يتلون فيها كتاب اللّه و يذكرون فيها عباد اللّه (٧) آلاء اللّه و نعمائه و يحذرونهم سخطه و غضبه و يحرصونهم خدمته و طاعته فهى مواضع البركة و الرحمة و اداء الطاعة و إجابة (٨) الدعوة و البشارة و السلامة و الخلعة و منزل الملائكة فإنّ اللّه تعالى قال فى بيوت أذن اللّه أن ترفع و يذكر فيها إسمه (= قرآن، ٢٤، ٣٦) (٩) و فى آية أخرى إنّمّا يعمر مساجد اللّه من آمن باللّه و اليو م الآخر (= قرآن، ٩، ١٨) و قال عزّ من قائل و أنّ المساجد للّه فلا تدعو مع اللّه أحدا (= قرآن، ٧٢، ١٨) أفضل البيوت (١٠) عند اللّه الكعبة و هى سرّة الأرض دحيت الأرض من تحتها و البيت العتيق و أوّل بيت وضع الناس بانيه خليل اللّه مع إسمعيل ذبيح اللّه و هى قبلة (١١) المسلمين و المساجد ظلّها و هى بيوت اللّه فى الأرض و هى مثل الكعبة و بانيتها كنواب إبرهيم خليل اللّه و اسمعيل ذبيح اللّه و درجتهم مثل درجتهما فإنّ (١٢) تعظّم المساجد تعظيم اللّه تعالى و من دخل دار ملك خرج منها بخلعة و كرامة و من دخل على ملك الملوك خرج منها بخلعة المغفرة و الرحمة فحقّ على المزور أن يكرم الزاير (١٣) فإنّ اللّه تعالى أعطى بلطفه و كرمه لأمّة محمّد صلّى اللّه عليه و سلّم هذا الهداية و الكرامة لإقامة الجماعة و صراط الاستقامة و عمارة المساجد و بناء المعابد و نيل السعادة (١٤) و طلب رضاء اللّه و رحمته فإنّ اللّه تعالى يقول فى عرضة القيامة بين الخلائف أبان جيرانى فيقول الملائكة سبحانك و من ينبغى أن يكون جارك فيقول جلّ جلاله عمّار المساجد (١٥) ثلث مرّات هم جيرانى و أهل صفوتى و المؤمنون كلّهم يطلبون هذه الفضيلة و الثواب و اقبلوا على عمارة المساجد و المعابد بالجدّ و الاجتهاد كانوا (١٦) يسكنون فى كلّ قرية و بلاد و المساجد شعار دينهم و إسلامهـ[ـم] (إسلامهم) و بها ي…
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bibliographic citation: Huart, Clément. “Inscriptions Arabes et Persanes Des Mosquées Chinoises de K’ai-Fong-Fou et de Si-Nganfou.” T’oung Pao Second Series, 6, no. 3 (1905): 269–71. n° 6 ;
bibliographic citation: Berthelot, Philippe. “Note Sur Des Inscriptions Arabes, Persanes et Chinoises Du Chen-Si, Du Ho-Nan et Du Chan-Toung.” Comptes Rendus Des Séances de l’Académie Des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, no. 1 (1905). 190, n° 9 (mention) ;
bibliographic citation: Franke, Wolfgang. “Notes on Some Ancient Chinese Mosques.” In Documenta Barbarorum: Festschrift Für W. Heissig Zum 70. Geburtstag, coll. Veröffentlichungen der Societas Uralo-Altaica, edited by K. Sagaster, vol. 18. Wiesbaden, 1983. 113 (mention).
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title: Door, Sonjiang, 1535-1536, Other
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identifier: China_NBA_52
creator: Nourane Ben Azzouna
contributor: Johanna Cozzolino
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 942 H.
created: 1535/1536
spatial: Exact
location created: China, Shanghai, Sonjiang
location: In situ (c. 1990)
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text type: Quran
natureoftext: Reference for Quranic verses
text: إنّ أوّل بيت وضع للناس الذى ببكّة مباركا و هدى للمتّقين (= قرآن، ٣، ٩٠\٩٧)
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title: Slab, Xi'an, 1545-1546, Other
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identifier: China_NBA_53
creator: Nourane Ben Azzouna
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contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 952 H.
created: 1545/1546
spatial: Exact
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location: In situ ?
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text: - أ - قال اللّه سبحانه و تعالى كلّ شىء هالك إلّا وجهه له الحكم و إليه ترجعرن (= قرآن، ٢٨، ٨٨) - ب - (١) بسم اللّه الرحمن الرحيم (٢) الحمد للّه مبدع الأرواح و الأشباح و مظهر العجايب و البدايع و الأشراح مرتب (٣) الأرواح فى الأشباح و محرك الأشباح بالأرواح الذى حمده أحسن الامتداح و مدحه خير الافتتاح (٤) الذى أمرنا بزيارة الأبدان و الأرواح و على فعل الخير و الحسن و الصلاح و رحمته فى كلّ رواح و صباح (٥) و نهينا نبيّنا عن قول الهجر و التفيهق فى القبور و الأشباح و الصلوة على محمّد الهادى إلى النجاة و النجاح (٦) الداعى إلى الراح و الرحراح و على آله مفاتيح الفلاح و صاحب الكرم و السماح قال اللّه تعالى كلّ نفس ذايقة الموت (= قرآن، ٣، ١٨٢) (٧) و فى آية أخرى ألهيكم التكاثر حتّى زرتم المقابر الآية (= قرآن، ١٠٢، ١٢) فإنّ زيارة القبور ذريعة إلى نزول الخيرات و وسيلة إلى (٨) وصول البركات و عصمة عن شوائب الشرور و مذكرا يوم ينفخ فى الصور و بها القلوب حاضرة و أبصارها خاشعة (٩) و العبرة لذوى العقول و الأحلام و التنبّه لنفسه من نومة الغفلة و الأجرام و التأهب لذلك المنزل الذى لا بدّ منه الإنسان لإنّ الأرواح (١٠) الطيّبة الطاهرة ناظرة إلى أبدانها لشوقها و محبتها لها إلى الأبدان فإذا حضر الزائز منازل الأبدان إن كان ملطخا بالعوراء المذمة و الغيظان (١١) و رأت الأثام مشوها بقبايح الأجرام يفتضح بين يد الأرواح المقدّسة الكرام فتشهر عنه و لا تمده على كلّ حال فتجب أن يتوب من الذنوب (١٢) و الأثام و يستغفر لها فى كلّ الأحوال ليصير طيّبا طاهرا فتمده و تقويه و تشفع له الأرواح الطيّبة الطاهرة فى تحصيل مراداته العظام (١٣) و الزائر يتفكّر فى حال موت نفسه و جميع الأموات لأنّ أرباب الدنيا يتغافلون من أمور الآخرة و الحساب فإنّ أمر الدنيا سهل (١٤) و حقير و أمر الآخرة صعب و شديد ينبغى أن يؤثّر ما يبقى على ما يفنى فإنّ الدنيا كالماء المالح لا يروى و لا ينفع و كسحاب الصيف و كظلّ الغمام (١٥) و كصيف المرتحل و كالحسك المسموم عذبها ملح و امارتها عزل و حلوها مرّ راحتها تعب فراغها شغل سلامتها هلال جديدها خلق جمعها تفريق (١٦) كثيرها قليل شريفها حقير الراكن إليها مخدوع فهى سحارة خداعة فجاعة قتالة هى كالحيّة لين مسّها و قاتل سمها آه من قلم <١> الزاد و بعد السفر و وحشة الطريق (١٧) و تحير الأمور يجب عليهم أن يستعينوا من أهل…
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bibliographic citation: Berthelot, Phlippe. “Notes Sur Les Résultats Scientifiques d’une Mission Diplomatique En Chine.” Bulletin de l’École Française d’Extrême-Orient 5, no. 3/4 (1905): 406–14. n° 5 and 6 (mention) ;
bibliographic citation: Berthelot, Philippe. “Note Sur Des Inscriptions Arabes, Persanes et Chinoises Du Chen-Si, Du Ho-Nan et Du Chan-Toung.” Comptes Rendus Des Séances de l’Académie Des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, no. 1 (1905). n° 5 and 6 (mention) ;
bibliographic citation: Huart, Clément. “Inscriptions Arabes et Persanes Des Mosquées Chinoises de K’ai-Fong-Fou et de Si-Nganfou.” T’oung Pao Second Series, 6, no. 3 (1905): 269–71. n° 3 ;
bibliographic citation: Franke, Wolfgang. “Notes on Some Ancient Chinese Mosques.” In Documenta Barbarorum: Festschrift Für W. Heissig Zum 70. Geburtstag, coll. Veröffentlichungen der Societas Uralo-Altaica, edited by K. Sagaster, vol. 18. Wiesbaden, 1983. 113 (mention) ;
bibliographic citation: Broomhall, Marshall. Islam in China A Neglected Problem. Morgan & Scott, Limited, 1910. 101-106 (English translation only).
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_NBA_54
creator: Nourane Ben Azzouna
contributor: Johanna Cozzolino
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1000 H.
created: 1591/1592
spatial: Exact
location created: China, Fujian province, Fuzhou
location: In situ
page: http://www.epigraphie-islamique.uliege.be/thesaurus/User/EpigraphyDisplay.aspx
language: Arabic
text type: Quran
natureoftext: Reference for Quranic verses
text: ‮-‬ ‬أ‮‬ -‬ ‬اللّه‬ لا‬ إله‬ إلّا‬ هو‬ الحىّ‮‬ ‬القيّوم‬ لا‬ تأخذه‬ سنة‬ و‬ لا‬ نوم‬ له‬ ما‬ فى‬ السموات‬ و‬ ما‬ فى‬ الأرض‬ من‬ ذا‬ الذى‮‬ ‬يشفع‬ عنده‬ إلّا‬ بإذنه‮‬ ‬يعلم‬ ما‬ بين‬ أيديهم‬ و‬ ما‬ خلفهم‬ و‬ لا‮‬ ‬يحيطون‬ بشىء‬ من‬ علمه‬ إلّا‬ بما‬ شاء‬ وسع‬ كرسيه‬ السموات‬ و‬ الأرض‬ و‬ لا‮‬ ‬يؤده‬ حفظهما‬ و‬ هو‬ العلىّ‬ العظيم‮‬ (=‬ ‬قرآن،‮‬ ٢‬،‮‬ ٢٥٥)‬ ‬الحمد‬ للّه‬ ربّ‭‬ ‬العالمين‬ آمين ‮-‬ ‬ب‮‬ -‬ ‬بسم‬ اللّه‬ الرحمن‬ الرحيم‮‬ ‬ ‮-‬ ‬ت‮‬ -‬ ‬و‬ إلهكم‬ إله‬ واحد‬ لا‬ إله‬ إلّا‬ هو‬ الرحمن‬ الرحيم ‮-‬ ‬ث‮‬ -‬ (١)‬‭‬ ‬العظمة‮‬ (‬؟‮)‬ ‬للّه‮‬ ‬ ‮(٢)‬ ‬العزّ‮‬ ‬للّه‬ بقا‮‬ (‬؟‮)‬ ‮-‬ ‬ج‮‬ -‬ ‬لا‬ إله‬ إلّا‬ اللّه‬ محمّد‬ رسول‬ اللّه‮‬ ‬ ‮-‬ ‬ح‮‬ -‬ ‬فروح‬ و‬ ريحان‬ و‬ جنت‮‬ (‬كذا‮)‬‭‬ ‬نعيم‮‬ (=‬ ‬قرآن،‮‬ ٥٦‬،‮‬ ٨٨)
script: Other
object type: architectural element\mihrab
medium: wood
shape: circular
size: 42 x 70 x 2.5 cm
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
bibliographic citation: Chen, Da-sheng, and Kalus, Ludvik. Corpus d’inscriptions arabes et persanes en Chine. P. Geuthner, 1991. 266, n° 182.
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contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
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location created: China, Shanghai, Lujiazui
location: Shanghai Museum
language: Arabic
text type: Talisman
text: أ - لا إله إلّا اللّه محمّد رسول اللّه ب - (١) ٢ (؟) ١٤ ١١ ٨ (٢) ١٢ ٧ ٢ ١٣ (٣) ٦ ٩ ١٦ ٣ (٤) ١٥ ٤ ٥ ١٠
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scriptshape: circular
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title: Celadon censer, China, 15th century, Other
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spatial: Approximate
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title: Censer, China, beginning of the 16th century, Other
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identifier: China_NBA_03
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contributor: Johanna Cozzolino
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1501/1526
spatial: Approximate
location created: China
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language: Arabic
text type: Devotional text
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medium: ceramic
shape: rectangular
size: 24.5 cm width
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identifier: China_NBA_04
creator: Nourane Ben Azzouna
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created: 1501/1600
spatial: Approximate
location created: China
location: The Frankel Collection, New York
language: Arabic
text type: Devotional text
object type: object\censer
medium: ceramic
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identifier: China_NBA_05
creator: Nourane Ben Azzouna
contributor: Johanna Cozzolino
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1501/1600
spatial: Approximate
location created: China
location: The Frankel Collection, New York
language: Persian
text type: Poetry
object type: object\censer
medium: ceramic
size: 22.2 cm diam. ; 17.2 cm height
layout: 1 line and 3 lines
technique: painted
instrument: brush
bibliographic citation: Frankel, James. “Muslim Blue, Chinese White: Islamic Calligraphy on Ming Blue-and-White Porcelain.” Orientations: The Magazine for Collectors and Connoiseurs of Asian Art 49, no. 2 (2018).
scriptshape: rectangular
internalstructure: linear
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groupsofcharactersbaseline: partial stacking of characters
characterspacing: irregular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: occasional
elongatedletters: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā’, lām and qāf bowl
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ligature: Conventional - straight
shading: medium contrast
point: round dot
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lamascenders: lām - top left serif
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
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jimdescenders: closing upward
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badenticles: medial short pointed denticles
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hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) with elongated vertical shaft
facounters: soft triangular head
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mimcounters: rounded head pointed chin
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title: Box and cover, China, 15th century, Other
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identifier: China_NBA_06
creator: Nourane Ben Azzouna
contributor: Johanna Cozzolino
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1401/1500
spatial: Approximate
location created: China
location: Musée des Chinois d'outre-mer, Xiamen
language: Arabic
text type: Devotional text
text: الحمد للّه‮ ‬
object type: object\ritual implement
medium: metal
shape: circular
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layout: 1 line
technique: cast
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bibliographic citation: Chen, Dasheng, and Kalus, Ludvik. Corpus d’inscriptions arabes et persanes en Chine. P. Geuthner, 1991. p. 289, n° 197.
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internalstructure: balanced negative and positive spaces
lineofwriting: Line of writing - horizontal
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characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
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created: 1429/1430
spatial: Approximate
location created: China
location: Shanghai Mosque
language: Arabic
text type: Devotional text
text: أ - اللهمّ صل على محمّد سيّد الأوّلين ب - ياللهمّ صل على محمّد سيّد الآخرين ت - ياللهمّ صل على محمّد سيّد الآخرين
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identifier: China_NBA_08
creator: Nourane Ben Azzouna
contributor: Johanna Cozzolino
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1435/1436
spatial: Approximate
location created: China
location: Shanghai Mosque
language: Arabic
text type: Devotional text
text: [١] - أ - قد جاءكم من اللّه نور و كتاب مبين (قرآن، ٥، ١٥
text: ١٨) - ب - قد جاءكم من اللّه نور و كتاب مبين (قرآن، ٥، ١٥
text: ١٨)
object type: object\censer
medium: metal
shape: other
size: 20 cm diam. ; 18 cm height
layout: 1 line
technique: cast
instrument: other
scriptshape: other
internalstructure: partially interwoven
internalstructure: sinuous
internalstructure: balanced negative and positive spaces
groupsofcharactersbaseline: irregular undulations
presenceofelongation: occasional
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: point - other
alifascenders: alif -inclined to left
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
alifascenders: alif - elongated vertical shaft
lamascenders: lām - s-shaped
lamascenders: lām - bevelled head
kafascenders: initial medial and final elongated (mabsūṭah)
kafascenders: top arm curvilinear stroke
wawdescenders: circular ascending tail
nundescenders: deep broken bowl
nundescenders: plunging ascending bowl
sinshindenticles: short pointed denticles
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: initial slightly inclined to left
badenticles: medial short rounded denticles
hacounters: final ribbon-like ascending
facounters: rounded head
mimcounters: rounded head pointed chin
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title: Dish, China, 1488-1505,Other
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identifier: China_NBA_09
creator: Nourane Ben Azzouna
contributor: Johanna Cozzolino
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1488/1505
spatial: Approximate
location created: China
location: Kuweit National Museum n° LNS 1090 C (coll. al-Sabah)
page: https://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php
language: Arabic
text type: Devotional text
text: وصف: طبق كبير من البورسلين الأبيض عليه تزجيج بلون أزرق كوبالتي، في وسطه إطار دائري داخله كتابات، تحيط به أربع دوائر وضعت على مسافات متساوية وتضم نفس النص. توجد علامة من ستة أحرف داخل قاعدة الطبق بالخط الهونجزهاي محصورة داخل دائرة، يحدها خط مزدوج. في الميدالية الوسطى كتبت العبارة التالية: "سلم تسليما كثيرا كبيرا بفضلك ورحمتك يا أرحم الراحمين". أما في الميداليات المحيطة بها، فكتبت العبارة التالية: "لا فتى إلا علي لا سيف إلا ذو الفقرة [الفقار] وعلي هو الحق لا موت أصيب إلا بالأجل". وأما الكتابات حول حافة الطبق فهي كالتالي: "ناد عليا مظهر العجائب/ تجده عونا لك في النوائب/المعولي إلى الله حاجت/كل هم وغم سينجلي بنبوتك يا محمد وبولايتك يا علي يا علي يا علي/بحق ذي الملك والملكوت/ اعتصمت بذي العزة والقدرة والجبروت/ وتوكلنا على الذي لا ينام ولا يموت/دخلت في حرم الله وفي حفظ الله من شر البريت [البرية] أجمعين بحق حم بحق كهيعص وعسق لا حول ولا قوت [قوة] إلا بالله العلي العظيم صلى الله على المسطفى [المصطفى] محمد وآله أجمعين.
object type: object\plate
medium: ceramic
shape: circular
size: 31 cm diam. ; 6 cm height
instrument: brush
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title: Tile, Jingdezhen, 1506-1521, Other
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identifier: China_NBA_10
creator: Nourane Ben Azzouna
contributor: Johanna Cozzolino
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1506/1521
spatial: Exact
location created: China, Jiangxi province, Jingdezhen
location: British Museum (PDF,B.687)
page: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/A_PDF-B-687
language: Arabic
text type: Quran
object type: architectural element\panel
medium: ceramic
shape: diamond
size: 45.8 x 36.4 cm
layout: 6 lines
instrument: brush
scriptshape: rhomboid
internalstructure: linear
groupsofcharactersbaseline: partial stacking of characters
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: occasional
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
ligature: Conventional - straight
shading: medium contrast
point: round dot
alifascenders: alif - bevelled head
alifascenders: alif - elongated vertical shaft
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - bevelled head
lamascenders: lām - elongated vertical shaft
kafascenders: initial medial and final elongated (mabsūṭah)
kafascenders: medial, initial vertical shaft
kafascenders: no top arm and superscript kāf
kafascenders: vertical shaft with top arm (sarkaj)
wawdescenders: wāw - rounded tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - v-shaped
nundescenders: wide deep bowl
jimdescenders: semicircular backward tail
jimdescenders: opening horizontal
sinshindenticles: medial zig-zag denticles
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: initial slightly inclined to left
badenticles: leftward stroke with short hook
badenticles: medial short rounded denticles
hacounters: isolated one-eyed triangular (murabba'ah)
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) with elongated vertical shaft
facounters: rounded head
medialaincounters: wide inverted triangle
mimcounters: rounded head
fathakasravocalizationcolour: blue
dammavocalization: oblique tail (10°-35°)
dammavocalization: closed eye
dammavocalizationcolour: blue
shaddavocalization: short denticles
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title: Basin, Jingdezhen, 1506-1521, Other
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_NBA_11
creator: Nourane Ben Azzouna
contributor: Johanna Cozzolino
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1506/1521
spatial: Exact
location created: China, Jiangxi province, Jingdezhen
location: Aga Khan Museum (AKM722)
page: https://www.agakhanmuseum.org/collection/artifact/ablution-basin-akm722
language: Arabic
text type: Devotional text
text: - ١ - أ - طهارت '- ب - (١) طوبى '(٢) لمن طهر '(٣) يده '(٤) من الماء '- ٢ - أ - (١) الوضوء '(٢) على '(٣) الوضوء '(٤) نور '(٥) على '(٦) نور
object type: object\basin
medium: ceramic
shape: square
size: 41.8 cm diam.; 7.5 cm height
layout: 1 line
instrument: brush
scriptshape: circular
internalstructure: stacked
internalstructure: large presence of negative space
lineofwriting: Line of writing - horizontal
groupsofcharactersbaseline: Groups of characters baseline - horizontal
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: occasional
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: non-nuanced strokes
point: round dot
alifascenders: alif - vertical
alifascenders: alif - bevelled head
alifascenders: alif - elongated vertical shaft
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft no serif
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - long flattened, tapered tail
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
fathakasravocalization: diagonal stroke (40°-45°)
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title: Dish, China, 1506-1521, Other
created: 2025-12-17T11:05:46+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:23+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_NBA_12
creator: Nourane Ben Azzouna
contributor: Johanna Cozzolino
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1506/1521
spatial: Approximate
location created: China
location: Ardebil Sanctuary (n° 29.313 )
language: Arabic
text type: Devotional text
text: أ - الشكر على نعمائه '- ب - (١) قال النبىّ '(٢) عليه السلام '(٣) ثناء الرجل '(٤) على معطيه '(٥) مستزاد '(٦) كفران [؟] '(٧) النعمة '(٨) مزيلها
object type: object\plate
medium: ceramic
shape: square
size: 58.5 cm diam.; 11.5 cm height
layout: 1 line
technique: painted
instrument: brush
bibliographic citation: Pope, John Alexander. Chinese Porcelains from the Ardebil Shrine. 2e Éd. Philip Wilson Publishers Ltd, 1981. p. 122
scriptshape: circular
internalstructure: stacked
internalstructure: large presence of negative space
lineofwriting: Line of writing - horizontal
groupsofcharactersbaseline: Groups of characters baseline - horizontal
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: absent
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: non-nuanced strokes
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - vertical
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
alifascenders: alif - thick vertical shaft
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - thick vertical shaft
kafascenders: medial, initial vertical shaft
kafascenders: no top arm and superscript kāf
nundescenders: deep bowl left open
sinshindenticles: short pointed denticles
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: initial perpendicular to baseline
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) triangular with elongated vertical shaft
medialaincounters: compact inverted triangle / open or closed eye
fathakasravocalization: oblique stroke (10°-35°)
hamzavocalization: small inverse Z
shaddavocalization: tall denticles
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title: Box and cover, Jingdezhen, 1506-1521, Other
created: 2025-12-17T11:05:46+00:00
modified: 2026-06-23T09:02:19+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_NBA_13
creator: Nourane Ben Azzouna
contributor: Johanna Cozzolino
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1506/1521
spatial: Exact
location created: China, Jiangxi province, Jingdezhen
location: Royal Ontario Museum (n° 925.25.1.A)
page: https://collections.rom.on.ca/objects/516089/box-and-cover
language: Arabic
text type: Devotional text
text: ١ - توكّلت على اللّه - ٢ - (١) اى خداى (٢) كله نفس جز [؟] (٣) تو خذاى (٤) روى راحت (٥) به بندگان (٦) بنماى (٧) الحكمة (٨) صاحب الزكمة <١>
object type: object\ritual implement
medium: ceramic
shape: circular
size: 4.8 x 16.5 cm
layout: 1 line
technique: painted
instrument: brush
scriptshape: circular
internalstructure: stacked
internalstructure: large presence of negative space
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: absent
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: non-nuanced strokes
point: round dot
alifascenders: alif - bevelled head
alifascenders: alif - elongated vertical shaft
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - bevelled head
lamascenders: lām - elongated vertical shaft
kafascenders: initial /medial compact form rounded body
kafascenders: no top arm and superscript kāf
wawdescenders: wāw - rounded tail
yadescenders: short backward horizontal stroke
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - elongated curvilinear flattened bowl
badenticles: initial perpendicular to baseline
hacounters: final s-shape with upstroke hairline
facounters: rounded head
shaddavocalization: tall denticles
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title: Ink-stone, Jingdezhen, 1506-1521, Other
created: 2025-12-17T11:05:46+00:00
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identifier: China_NBA_14
creator: Nourane Ben Azzouna
contributor: Johanna Cozzolino
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1506/1521
spatial: Exact
location created: China, Jiangxi province, Jingdezhen
location: British Museum (Franks.147.a)
page: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/A_Franks-147-a
language: Arabic
natureoftext: Other
text: عليكم بحسن الخط فانه من مفاتيح الرزق + Da Ming Zhengde Nian Zhi
object type: object\tool
medium: ceramic
shape: square
size: 7 x 24.8 cm
layout: 1 line
technique: painted
instrument: brush
bibliographic citation: Harrison-Hall, Jessica. Catalogue of Late Yuan and Ming Ceramics in the British Museum. London : British Museum Press, 2001.
scriptshape: square
scriptshape: circular
internalstructure: stacked
internalstructure: partially interwoven
internalstructure: large presence of negative space
groupsofcharactersbaseline: horizontal
characterspacing: irregular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: absent
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
ligature: Conventional - straight
shading: medium contrast
point: round dot
alifascenders: alif - vertical
alifascenders: alif - bevelled head
alifascenders: alif - elongated vertical shaft
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - bevelled head
lamascenders: lām - elongated vertical shaft
kafascenders: medial, initial vertical shaft
kafascenders: no top arm and superscript kāf
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft no serif
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - v-shaped
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - plunging bowl
nundescenders: wide deep bowl
jimdescenders: semicircular backward tail
jimdescenders: closing upward
badenticles: bevelled top
facounters: triangular head
mimcounters: circular head
fathakasravocalization: oblique stroke (10°-35°)
fathakasravocalizationcolour: blue
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title: Brush-rest, Jingdezhen, 1506-1521, Other
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_NBA_15
creator: Nourane Ben Azzouna
contributor: Johanna Cozzolino
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1506/1521
spatial: Exact
location created: China, Jiangxi province, Jingdezhen
location: British Museum (PDF,A.642 )
page: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/A_PDF-A-642
language: Arabic
natureoftext: Other
text: القلم أقبل + 大明正德年製
object type: object\tool
medium: ceramic
shape: circular
size: 19.7 cm width
layout: 1 line
technique: painted
instrument: brush
bibliographic citation: Pierson, Stacey. Illustrated Catalogue of Underglaze Blue and Copper Red Decorated Porcelains in the Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art. University of London. Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art, 2004. p.61, no.A642.
bibliographic citation: Medley, Margaret. Illustrated Catalogue of Underglaze Blue and Copper Red Decorated Porcelains. The Foundation. University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies, 1976. p.42, no.A642.
scriptshape: circular
internalstructure: partially interwoven
internalstructure: stacked
internalstructure: large presence of negative space
groupsofcharactersbaseline: horizontal
characterspacing: irregular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: absent
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
ligature: Conventional - straight
shading: medium contrast
point: irregular round dot.
alifascenders: alif - vertical
alifascenders: alif - bevelled head
alifascenders: alif - elongated vertical shaft
alifascenders: alif - foot with left spur
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - bevelled head
lamascenders: lām - elongated vertical shaft
mimdescenders: mīm - s-shape
nundescenders: deep bowl
badenticles: medial short rounded denticles
facounters: soft triangular head
fathakasravocalization: oblique stroke (10°-35°)
fathakasravocalizationcolour: blue
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title: Dish, China, 1506-1521, Other
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modified: 2026-06-23T09:03:09+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_NBA_16
creator: Nourane Ben Azzouna
contributor: Johanna Cozzolino
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1506/1521
spatial: Approximate
location created: China
page: https://www.christies.com/lot/lot-3885671
language: Arabic
text type: Devotional text
text: كما قال اللّه/ سبحانه/ تبارك/ و تعالى / إنّ اللّه يرزق من يشاء بغير حساب /
object type: object\plate
medium: ceramic
shape: circular
size: 19.7 cm diam.
layout: 1 line and 2 lines
technique: painted
instrument: brush
bibliographic citation: Donnelly, P. J. “Chinese Porcelain with Inscriptions in the Arabic Script.” Connoiosseur, no. January (1975). col. pl. B, fig. 4, and p. 10.
scriptshape: circular
internalstructure: linear
lineofwriting: circular
groupsofcharactersbaseline: horizontal
groupsofcharactersbaseline: partial stacking of characters
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: occasional
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: non-nuanced strokes
point: round dot
alifascenders: alif - inclined to left
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
alifascenders: alif - thick vertical shaft
lamascenders: lām - inclined to left
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - thick vertical shaft
kafascenders: medial, initial vertical shaft
kafascenders: top arm with final hook
kafascenders: final vertical shaft with top arm (sarkaj)
tazaascenders: rounded swollen body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft with serif
wawdescenders: wāw - short curvilinear tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - short curvilinear tail
mimdescenders: mīm - vertical downstroke
nundescenders: deep bowl
jimdescenders: closed looped tail
bahorizontals: elongated straight bowl on baseline
sinshindenticles: short rounded denticles
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: initial accentuated curve to left with rounded head
badenticles: initial perpendicular to baseline
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) inclined to left
facounters: rounded head
facounters: closed eye
medialaincounters: compact inverted triangle / open or closed eye
mimcounters: rounded head pointed chin, closed eye
fathakasravocalization: oblique stroke (10°-35°)
fathakasravocalizationcolour: red
dammavocalization: comma
dammavocalizationcolour: red
hamzavocalizationcolour: red
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title: Dish, China, 18th century, Other
created: 2025-12-17T11:05:46+00:00
modified: 2026-06-23T09:04:12+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_NBA_17
creator: Nourane Ben Azzouna
contributor: Johanna Cozzolino
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1701/1800
spatial: Approximate
location created: China
page: https://www.bonhams.com/auction/24198/lot/139/a-porcelain-dish-for-the-islamic-market-china-late-18th-century/
language: Arabic
text type: Quran
object type: object\plate
medium: ceramic
shape: circular
size: 20 cm diam.
layout: 1 line and 3 lines
technique: painted
instrument: brush
scriptshape: circular
internalstructure: linear
lineofwriting: horizontal
lineofwriting: broken
groupsofcharactersbaseline: horizontal
characterspacing: irregular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: occasional
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: non-nuanced strokes
point: round dot
alifascenders: alif - inclined to left
alifascenders: alif - top right serif
lamascenders: lām - inclined to left
lamascenders: lām - top right serif
kafascenders: Initial, medial and final shaft slightly inclined to left
kafascenders: top arm with final hook
kafascenders: final vertical shaft with top arm (sarkaj)
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft no serif
wawdescenders: wāw - diagonal tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - diagonal tail
nundescenders: Short bowl on baseline
sinshindenticles: short rounded denticles
badenticles: initial very low, inclined to right
badenticles: medial short rounded denticles
hacounters: isolated heart-shaped double loop
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
facounters: rounded head
medialaincounters: wide inverted triangle
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title: Tripod censer, China, 1506-1521, Other
created: 2025-12-17T11:05:46+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_NBA_18
creator: Nourane Ben Azzouna
contributor: Johanna Cozzolino
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1506/1521
spatial: Approximate
location created: China
page: https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2022/a-journey-through-chinas-history-the-dr-wou-kiuan-collection-part-1/an-arabic-inscribed-bronze-tripod-censer-mark-and
language: Arabic
text type: Devotional text
object type: object\censer
medium: metal
shape: other
size: 15.6 cm diam.
layout: 1 line
technique: painted
instrument: other
scriptshape: other
internalstructure: linear
internalstructure: balanced negative and positive space
groupsofcharactersbaseline: horizontal
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: absent
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
alifascenders: alif - inclined to left
alifascenders: alif - bevelled head
alifascenders: alif - shaft tapers from thick to thin
alifascenders: alif - foot with left spur
lamascenders: lām - inclined to left
lamascenders: lām - bevelled head
lamascenders: lām - shaft tapers from thick to thin
hacounters: final s-shape with upstroke hairline
shaddavocalization: short denticles
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title: Vase, Jingdezhen, 1506-1521, Other
created: 2025-12-17T11:05:47+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:23+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_NBA_19
creator: Nourane Ben Azzouna
contributor: Johanna Cozzolino
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1506/1521
spatial: Exact
location created: China, Jiangxi province, Jingdezhen
location: V&A Museum (C.108-1928)
page: https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O181102/vase-unknown/
language: Arabic
natureoftext: Other
text: الجليل + ? + da ming Zhengde nian zhi
object type: object\tool
medium: ceramic
shape: circular
size: 8.9 cm diam.
layout: 1 line
technique: painted
instrument: brush
scriptshape: circular
internalstructure: linear
lineofwriting: horizontal
groupsofcharactersbaseline: horizontal
presenceofelongation: absent
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: round dot
alifascenders: alif - vertical
alifascenders: alif - bevelled head
alifascenders: alif - shaft tapers from thick to thin
alifascenders: alif - foot with left spur
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - bevelled head
lamascenders: lām - shaft tapers from thick to thin
nundescenders: deep bowl
badenticles: medial short rounded denticles
dammavocalization: oblique tail (10°-35°)
dammavocalization: closed eye
dammavocalizationcolour: blue
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