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title: Manuscript, Khurasan, 972, New Style III
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modified: 2026-06-23T09:51:07+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Iran_AK_01
creator: Alya Karame
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1001/1100
spatial: Approximate
location created: Iran, Razavi Khorasan province, Nishapur
location: Turk ve Islam Eserleri Muzesi, TIEM 449
language: Arabic
alternative: Qur'an
text type: Quran
script: Round Style - Muḥaqqaq
colorscript: black
artist: Forged as Ibn al-Bawwab
signaturerole: calligrapher
object type: manuscript\codex
size: 17.1 x 12.5 cm
ruling: 23
bibliographic citation: Rice, D. S. The Unique Ibn Al-Bawwab Manuscript à La Chester Beatty Library. Translated by Jacqueline Bernard. Club du Livre, 1980, p. 105–109 .
bibliographic citation: Rice, D. S. The Unique Ibn Al-Bawwab Manuscript à La Chester Beatty Library. Translated by Jacqueline Bernard. Club du Livre, 1980. 105-109.
presenceofelongation: frequent
elongatedletters: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā’, lām and qāf bowl
lengthofelongation: varied length of elongations
ligature: Conventional - V shaped
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: non-nuanced strokes
point: round dot
alifascenders: alif - top right elongated serif
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - top right elongated serif
kafascenders: initial medial and final elongated (mabsūṭah)
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft with right hook
wawdescenders: wāw - long curvilinear tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - long curvilinear tail
mimdescenders: mīm - long curvilinear tail
nundescenders: elongated curvilinear deep bowl
jimdescenders: backward tail
jimdescenders: opening downwards
yadescenders: backward horizontal stroke
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - elongated curvilinear flattened bowl
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: initial perpendicular to baseline
badenticles: medial short pointed denticles
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) with elongated vertical shaft / sometimes with serif
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
hacounters: initial / medial double-eyed top and bottom (mulawwazah)
hacounters: isolated one-eyed round loop, right stem extended upwards
facounters: rounded head
medialaincounters: wide inverted triangle
mimcounters: rounded head pointed chin
dammavocalization: diagonal tail (40°-45°)
dammavocalization: closed eye
hamzavocalization: small ‘ain
sukunvocalization: circle
shaddavocalization: wide denticles
additionalcharacteristics: Every bowl is an extended bowl, very legible script
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title: Manuscript, Khurasan, 1188, Round Style - Muḥaqqaq
created: 2025-12-15T11:25:06+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:13+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Iran_AK_02
creator: Alya Karame
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 361 H.
spatial: Approximate
location created: Khurasan
location: Chester Beatty Library, CBL Is 1434
language: Arabic
alternative: Qur'an
text type: Quran
script: New Style III
colorscript: black
artist: ʿAli ibn Shādhān al-Bayyi' al-Rāzī
signaturerole: calligrapher
object type: manuscript\codex
size: 26 x 17.8 cm
ruling: 10
bibliographic citation: Blair, Sheila. Islamic Calligraphy. Edinburgh University Press. Edinburgh, 2020, p. 152.
bibliographic citation: Blair, Sheila S. Islamic Calligraphy. Edinburgh University Press, 2006. 152
lineofwriting: Line of writing - horizontal
groupsofcharactersbaseline: Groups of characters baseline - horizontal
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: occasional
elongatedletters: before / after medial bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, nūn, yāʾ
elongatedletters: sād/ḍād, ṭa/ẓa body
elongatedletters: kāf body
elongatedletters: yā’ rajiah/murtada
lengthofelongation: varied length of elongations
ligature: Conventional - horizontal
ligature: Conventional - V shaped
shading: medium contrast
point: diagonal stroke
alifascenders: alif - vertical
alifascenders: alif - top left triangular serif
alifascenders: foot with right spur
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - top left serif
kafascenders: Kaf - two elongated parallel strokes
kafascenders: medial, initial vertical shaft
kafascenders: diagonal shaft
tazaascenders: ṭā' / ẓā' - two elongated parallel strokes
tazaascenders: top arm long thin diagonal stroke
wawdescenders: wāw - short curvilinear hairline tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - short curvilinear hairline tail
mimdescenders: mīm - short curvilinear hairline tail
nundescenders: diagonal stroke ending in sharp horizontal wedge
jimdescenders: backward tail
jimdescenders: opening downwards
yadescenders: backward horizontal stroke
yadescenders: elongated backward stroke contouring previous letter shapes
bahorizontals: short straight bowl on baseline with final triangle
sinshindenticles: oblique denticles inclined to left with final triangle
sinshindenticles: sīn shape above horizontal stroke
badenticles: initial inclined to left
badenticles: medial triangular denticles
badenticles: medial oblique stroke crossing the baseline
hacounters: isolated rhomboid
hacounters: medial two-eyed trapezoid diagonal to the baseline
hacounters: final trapezoid diagonal to baseline
facounters: trapezoid diagonal to the baseline
medialaincounters: rhomboid over the baseline

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title: Manuscript, Khurasan, 11th-12th century, New Style III ; New Style I
created: 2025-12-15T11:25:06+00:00
modified: 2026-06-23T09:51:49+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Iran_AK_03
creator: Alya Karame
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 584 H.
created: 1188/1189
spatial: Approximate
location created: Khurasan, Herat province, Herat (probably)
location: National Museum of Iran, Tehran, Iran Bastan 3496
language: Arabic
alternative: Qur'an
text type: Quran
script: Round Style - Muḥaqqaq
colorscript: black
artist: Muḥammad b. ʿIssa b. Muhammad ʿAlī al-Nīshāpūrī Līthī
signaturerole: calligrapher
object type: manuscript\codex
size: 41 x 33 cm
ruling: 6
bibliographic citation: Flood, Finbarr Barry. “Islamic Identities and Islamic Art: Inscribing the Qurʾan in Twelfth-Century Afghanistan.” In Dialogues in Art History, from Mesopotamian to Modern: Readings for a New Century, edited by Elizabeth Cropper. Studies in the History of Art 74. National Gallery of Art, Washington Distributed by Yale University Press, 2009., p. 96–99.
bibliographic citation: Flood, Finbarr Barry. “Islamic Identities and Islamic Art: Inscribing the Qurʾan in Twelfth-Century Afghanistan.” In Dialogues in Art History, from Mesopotamian to Modern: Readings for a New Century, edited by Elizabeth Cropper. Studies in the History of Art 74. National Gallery of Art, Washington Distributed by Yale University Press, 2009. 96–99.
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: rare
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
kafascenders: Initial /medial compact form diagonal body
kafascenders: top arm detached thin stroke
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft no serif
wawdescenders: wāw - short curvilinear hairline tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - short curvilinear tail
mimdescenders: mīm - vertical downstroke
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
jimdescenders: opening horizontal
yadescenders: backward horizontal stroke
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - short curvilinear flattened bowl
sinshindenticles: short pointed denticles
badenticles: medial short pointed denticles
hacounters: isolated one-eyed round (mu'arrāh)
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
facounters: curvilinear head horizontally accentuated
medialaincounters: wide inverted triangle
mimcounters: rounded head
dammavocalization: comma
hamzavocalization: small inverse Z
sukunvocalization: circle
shaddavocalization: short denticles
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title: Manuscript, Khurasan, 1177, New Style III ; New Style I ; Round Style - Muḥaqqaq
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modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:13+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Iran_AK_04
creator: Alya Karame
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1001/1200
spatial: Approximate
location created: Khurasan
location: The British Library, BL Or 6573
page: https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx
language: Arabic
alternative: Qur'an
text type: Quran
script: New Style III
script: New Style I
colorscript: black
object type: manuscript\codex
size: 33.5 x 26.5 cm
ruling: 5
bibliographic citation: Karame, Alya. “Ghaznavid Imperial Qurʾan Manuscripts: The Shaping of a Local Style.” In The Word Illuminated: Form and Function of Qurʾanic Manuscripts from the Seventh to Seventeenth Centuries, edited by Simon Rettig and Sana Mirza. Smithsonian Scholarly Press, 2023.
lineofwriting: Line of writing - horizontal
groupsofcharactersbaseline: Groups of characters baseline - horizontal
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: rare
elongatedletters: after jīm/ḥāʾ/khā'
ligature: Conventional - horizontal
shading: strong contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - vertical
alifascenders: alif - top left triangular serif
alifascenders: foot with right spur
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
kafascenders: two elongated parallel strokes topped by a short diagonal stroke
kafascenders: tall vertical shaft curved with small eye at baseline
kafascenders: curvilinear shaft holding small kāf
tazaascenders: ṭā' / ẓā' - two elongated parallel strokes
tazaascenders: top arm long thin diagonal stroke
wawdescenders: wāw - short curvilinear hairline tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - short curvilinear hairline tail
nundescenders: diagonal stroke ending in sharp horizontal wedge
jimdescenders: backward tail
yadescenders: elongated backward stroke contouring previous letter shapes
bahorizontals: short straight bowl on baseline with final triangle
sinshindenticles: diagonal denticles inclined to left
sinshindenticles: sīn shape above horizontal stroke
badenticles: initial inclined to left
badenticles: medial triangular denticles
hacounters: isolated rhomboid
hacounters: medial two-eyed trapezoid diagonal to the baseline
hacounters: final trapezoid diagonal to baseline
facounters: trapezoid diagonal to the baseline
medialaincounters: rhomboid over the baseline
mimcounters: trapezoid diagonal to the baseline
fathakasravocalization: oblique stroke (10°-35°)
dammavocalization: oblique tail (10°-35°)
dammavocalization: open eye
hamzavocalization: small inverse Z
sukunvocalization: circle
shaddavocalization: short denticles
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title: Manuscript, Khurasan, 11th-12th century, New Style III
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Iran_AK_05
creator: Alya Karame
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 573 H.
created: 1177/1178
spatial: Approximate
location created: Khurasan
location: Topkapı Saray Library, TKS EH 42
language: Arabic
alternative: Qur'an
text type: Quran
script: New Style III
script: New Style I
script: Round Style - Muḥaqqaq
colorscript: black
artist: Abu Bakr Aḥmad ibn ʿAbdallah al-Ghaznawi
signaturerole: calligrapher
object type: manuscript\codex
size: 18 x 15 cm
ruling: 17
bibliographic citation: Derman, Uğur. L’art de La Calligraphie Dans Le Patrimoine Islamique (Fann al-Khaṭṭ). IRCICA. Istanbul, 1998, plate 17
bibliographic citation: Lings, Martin. Splendours of Qur’an Calligraphy & Illumination. Thesaurus Islamicus Foundation. 2005
bibliographic citation: Tabbaa, Yasser. “The Transformation of Arabic Writing: Part I, Qur’ānic Calligraphy.” Ars Orientalis 21 (1991), p. 125.
bibliographic citation: Derman, Uğur. L’art de La Calligraphie Dans Le Patrimoine Islamique (Fann al-Khaṭṭ). IRCICA. Istanbul, 1998. plate 17;
bibliographic citation: Lings, Martin. Splendours of Qur’an Calligraphy & Illumination. Thesaurus Islamicus Foundation. 2005. 59;
bibliographic citation: Tabbaa, Yasser. “The Transformation of Arabic Writing: Part I, Qur’ānic Calligraphy.” Ars Orientalis 21 (1991): 125.
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: rare
ligature: Conventional - horizontal
shading: strong contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - top left triangular serif
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - top left triangular serif
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
kafascenders: two elongated parallel strokes topped by a short diagonal stroke
kafascenders: tall vertical shaft curved with small eye at baseline
kafascenders: curvilinear shaft holding small kāf
tazaascenders: ṭā' / ẓā' - two elongated parallel strokes
tazaascenders: top arm long thin diagonal stroke
wawdescenders: wāw - short curvilinear hairline tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - short curvilinear hairline tail
nundescenders: diagonal stroke ending in sharp horizontal wedge
jimdescenders: backward tail
yadescenders: elongated backward stroke contouring previous letter shapes
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sinshindenticles: diagonal denticles inclined to left
sinshindenticles: sīn shape above horizontal stroke
badenticles: initial inclined to left
badenticles: medial triangular denticles
hacounters: isolated rhomboid
hacounters: medial two-eyed trapezoid diagonal to the baseline
hacounters: final trapezoid diagonal to baseline
facounters: trapezoid diagonal to the baseline
medialaincounters: rhomboid over the baseline
mimcounters: trapezoid diagonal to the baseline
dammavocalization: oblique tail (10°-35°)
dammavocalization: open eye
hamzavocalization: small inverse Z
sukunvocalization: circle
shaddavocalization: short denticles
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title: Manuscript, Khurasan, 11th-12th century, Round Style - Naskh
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Iran_AK_06
creator: Alya Karame
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1001/1200
spatial: Approximate
location created: Khurasan
location: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 40.164.2a-b
page: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/449693
language: Arabic
alternative: Qur'an
text type: Quran
script: New Style III
colorscript: black
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size: 32.7 x 22.9 cm
ruling: 20
scope note: Manuscript, Khurasan, 11th-12th century, New Style III
bibliographic citation: unpublished
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: frequent
elongatedletters: yā’ rajiah
lengthofelongation: varied length of elongations
ligature: Conventional - horizontal
ligature: Conventional - V shaped
shading: medium contrast
point: short stroke at an angle
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - top left serif
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tazaascenders: ṭā' / ẓā' - two elongated parallel strokes
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razadescenders: rā'/zā' - long curvilinear tail
mimdescenders: mīm - short curvilinear tail
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jimdescenders: backward short tail
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yadescenders: elongated backward stroke contouring previous letter shapes
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badenticles: initial inclined to left
hacounters: isolated rhomboid
hacounters: medial two-eyed trapezoid diagonal to the baseline
hacounters: final trapezoid diagonal to baseline
facounters: trapezoid diagonal to the baseline
medialaincounters: rhomboid over the baseline
mimcounters: circular head
fathakasravocalization: fatḥa, kasra - dot
dammavocalization: ḍamma - dot
sukunvocalization: circle
shaddavocalization: short denticles
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title: Manuscript, Khurasan, 11th-12th century, New Style III
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identifier: Iran_AK_07
creator: Alya Karame
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1001/1200
spatial: Approximate
location created: Khurasan
location: Chester Beatty Library, CBL Is 1439
language: Arabic
alternative: Qur'an
text type: Quran
script: Round Style - Naskh
colorscript: black
artist: Muḥammad ibn aḥmad al-jabalī al-...r...ī
signaturerole: calligrapher
object type: manuscript\codex
size: 39 x 33 cm
ruling: 9
bibliographic citation: unpublished
lineofwriting: Line of writing - horizontal
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groupsofcharactersbaseline: oblique
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
characterspacing: spaces between words
presenceofelongation: frequent
elongatedletters: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā’, lām and qāf bowl
elongatedletters: medial ligatures
ligature: Conventional - underpinning
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - vertical
alifascenders: alif - top right serif
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lamascenders: lām - top right serif
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yadescenders: backward horizontal stroke
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bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
sinshindenticles: short pointed denticles
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: medial short pointed denticles
badenticles: leftward stroke
hacounters: isolated one-eyed round (mu'arrāh)
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
hacounters: initial / medial double-eyed top and bottom (mulawwazah)
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) rounded
facounters: rounded head
medialaincounters: wide inverted triangle
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title: Manuscript, Khurasan, 11th-12th century, New Style III
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identifier: Iran_AK_08
creator: Alya Karame
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1001/1200
spatial: Approximate
location created: Khurasan
location: David's Collection 35/1995
language: Arabic
alternative: Qur'an
text type: Quran
script: New Style III
colorscript: black
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bibliographic citation: unpublished
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
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lamascenders: lām - elongated vertical shaft
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
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sinshindenticles: oblique denticles inclined to left with final triangle
badenticles: initial inclined to left
badenticles: medial triangular denticles
badenticles: medial oblique stroke crossing the baseline
hacounters: isolated rhomboid
hacounters: medial two-eyed trapezoid diagonal to the baseline
facounters: trapezoid diagonal to the baseline
medialaincounters: rhomboid over the baseline
mimcounters: trapezoid diagonal to the baseline
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hamzavocalization: small inverse Z
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title: Manuscript, Khurasan, 11th-12th century, New Style III
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identifier: Iran_AK_09
creator: Alya Karame
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1001/1200
spatial: Approximate
location created: Khurasan
location: Chester Beatty Library, CBL Is 1419
language: Arabic
alternative: Qur'an
text type: Quran
script: New Style III
colorscript: black
object type: manuscript\codex
ruling: 5
bibliographic citation: unpublished
lineofwriting: Line of writing - horizontal
groupsofcharactersbaseline: Groups of characters baseline - horizontal
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: absent
ligature: Conventional - horizontal
shading: strong contrast
point: point - other
alifascenders: alif - vertical
alifascenders: alif - top left serif
alifascenders: alif - top right serif
alifascenders: alif - elongated vertical shaft
alifascenders: foot with left spur
alifascenders: final alif with top left serif
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - top left serif
lamascenders: lām - top right serif
kafascenders: two elongated parallel strokes with triangular fillings
kafascenders: top arm short diagonal stroke
tazaascenders: ṭā' / ẓā' - two elongated parallel strokes
tazaascenders: top arm elongated shaft tapers from thin to thick
wawdescenders: wāw - hairline diagonal tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - hairline diagonal tail
mimdescenders: mīm - curvilinear hairline tail
nundescenders: long curvilinear hairline ending in thick stroke
yadescenders: backward horizontal stroke
bahorizontals: short straight bowl on baseline with final triangle
sinshindenticles: oblique denticles inclined to left with final triangle
badenticles: initial inclined to left
badenticles: medial triangular denticles
hacounters: isolated rhomboid
hacounters: medial two-eyed trapezoid diagonal to the baseline
hacounters: final trapezoid diagonal to baseline
facounters: trapezoid diagonal to the baseline
medialaincounters: triangle over baseline
mimcounters: trapezoid over baseline
fathakasravocalization: fatḥa, kasra - dot
dammavocalization: ḍamma - dot
sukunvocalization: circle
shaddavocalization: short denticles
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title: Manuscript, Khurasan, 11th-12th century, New Style III
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identifier: Iran_AK_10
creator: Alya Karame
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1001/1200
spatial: Approximate
location created: Khurasan
location: Topkapı Saray Library, TKS R 2
language: Arabic
alternative: Qur'an
text type: Quran
script: New Style III
colorscript: black
object type: manuscript\codex
ruling: 19
bibliographic citation: unpublished
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: absent
shading: medium contrast
point: short stroke at an angle
lamascenders: lām - vertical
kafascenders: Kaf - two elongated parallel strokes
kafascenders: top arm short diagonal stroke
tazaascenders: ṭā' / ẓā' - two elongated parallel strokes
tazaascenders: diagonal shaft
wawdescenders: wāw - short curvilinear tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - short curvilinear tail
mimdescenders: mīm - short curvilinear tail
nundescenders: deep bowl left open
jimdescenders: backward tail
bahorizontals: straight bowl on baseline
sinshindenticles: oblique denticles inclined to left with final triangle
badenticles: medial oblique stroke crossing the baseline
hacounters: isolated rhomboid
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
facounters: trapezoid diagonal to the baseline
medialaincounters: rhomboid over the baseline
mimcounters: trapezoid diagonal to the baseline
fathakasravocalization: fatḥa, kasra - dot
fathakasravocalizationcolour: red
dammavocalization: ḍamma - dot
dammavocalizationcolour: red
sukunvocalization: circle
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title: Masonry, Chisht-i Sharif, 1667, Other
created: 2025-12-15T14:36:37+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:13+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Afghanistan_VA_01
creator: Viola Allegranzi
created: 10 jumādā I 562 H.
created: 1167-03-04
spatial: Exact
location created: Afghanistan, Herat province, Chisht-i Sharif district, Chisht-i Sharif
location: Chisht-i Sharif, Afghanistan, southwestern dome, interior walls
language: Arabic
text type: Foundation inscription
text: بسم الـله الرحمن الرحيم أمر بتجديد هذه العمارة في أيام الدولة الملك المعظم المؤيد المظفر المنصور العالم العادل شمس الدنيا والدين ركن الإسلام والمسلمين أعد\ل الملوك تاج السلاطين مغيث الإمام كهف الأنام محيى الخلافة عضد الدولة نظام] العالم فلك المعالا ملك الشرق أبو الفتح محمد بن سام نصير أمير المؤ\منين أطال الـله له(1) العز دائم بقاءه *هو] الـله الذى لا إله إلا هو الملك القدوس السلام المؤمن المهيمن العزيز الجبار المتكبر الخالق البارئ المصور* \ الغفار القهار الوهاب الرزاق الفتاح العليم (؟) القا[بض (؟) الباسط الخافض الرافع] المعز المذل السميع البصير احكم(1) العدل (1) : (sic)
script: Other
colorscript: no trace of color left
note: The first part of the inscription (on the east and north walls) refers to the renovation of the building and contains the name and titles of the Ghurid ruler [Ghiyāth al-Dīn] Abū’l Fatḥ Muḥammad b. Sām. The second part (on the west and south walls) contains two Quranic verses (59:23-24), followed by an enumeration of divine names.
object type: architectural element\masonry
medium: plaster
shape: band
layout: One horizontal line running on the four interior walls, at the springing of the arcades. The text starts in the south-eastern corner.
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
instrument: chisel
scope note: The inscription has almost completely disappeared and can only be studied on the basis of photographic archives.
bibliographic citation: Saljūqī, Fikrī. Risāla-yi mazārāt-i Harāt. Taʿliqāt. Kabul, 1967, p. 157.
bibliographic citation: Blair, Sheila S. “The Madrasa at Zuzan: Islamic Architecture in Eastern Iran on the Eve of the Mongol Invasions.” Muqarnas 3 (1985): 75–91. here p. 81.
bibliographic citation: Patel, Alka. Iran to India: The Shansabanis of Afghanistan, c. 1145–119. Edinburgh University Press, 2021, p. 344 (reading by V. Allegranzi).
bibliographic citation: Online publication: TEI, no. 37804 (reading by L. Kalus).
internalstructure: linear
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: absent
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
alifascenders: alif - half-palmette serif
alifascenders: alif - shaft tapers from thick to thin
alifascenders: foot with thin left hook
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - shaft tapers from thick to thin
kafascenders: initial, medial and final compact form (mashkūlah)
kafascenders: stylized top arm crossing over the main shaft
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft with half-palmette serif
tazaascenders: vertical shaft with right hook
mimdescenders: downstroke elongated rightwards
nundescenders: thick bowl
jimdescenders: semicircular backward tail
jimdescenders: swelling at the end
jimdescenders: looped tail
yadescenders: backward stroke ending in vertical shaft
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: initial nuanced top right hook
hacounters: isolated one-eyed round loop, right stem extended upwards with hook
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
hacounters: initial / medial double-eyed top and bottom (mulawwazah)
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) rounded
facounters: triangular pointed head
medialaincounters: wide inverted triangle
mimcounters: circular head
ihmalvocalization: V shape
additionalcharacteristics: The shape and width of lām-'alif vary
additionalcharacteristics: Varied ornamental V-shaped elements balance the negative space
additionalcharacteristics: Three circular holes arranged in an inverted triangle adorn the heads of the ascenders
additionalcharacteristics: A vegetal scroll is carved on the background

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title: Masonry, Badghis province, 1166 or 1176, Other
created: 2025-12-15T14:36:38+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:13+00:00
primary media: https://callfront.inha.fr/api/media/4212
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Afghanistan_VA_02
creator: Viola Allegranzi
created: ramaḍān 571 (or: 561) H.
created: 1166/1176
spatial: Exact
location created: Afghanistan, Badghis province, Jawand district, Shah-i Mashhad Madrasa
location: Shah-i Mashhad madrasa, Badghis province, Afghanistan, northwestern corner of the north ivan
language: Arabic
text type: Devotional text
natureoftext: Hadith
text: واتخـ]ـذوا المساجد بیوتا عودوا قلوبکم الرقة وأكثر والتفكر والبكاء ولا تختلفن بكم الأهواء]
script: Other
colorscript: no trace of color left
note: The text contains part of a Hadith; only the final section of the inscription is preserved.
object type: architectural element\arch
medium: plaster
shape: band
layout: One line running from top to bottom along the arch on the upper back wall of the north ivan. Some letters as well as the last five words of the inscriptions are inscribed on the upper part of the band.
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
instrument: chisel
scope note: Only a portion of the left-hand side of the arch is preserved. The writing surface is concave. The date is recorded in the inscription (in border Kufic) on the portal of the monument; this text is damaged and the reading of the tens is uncertain.
bibliographic citation: Casimir, Michael J., and Bernt Glatzer. “Šāh-i Mašhad, a Recently Discovered Madrasah of the Ghurid Period in Ġarǧistān (Afghanistan).” East and West 21, no. 1/2 (1971): 53–68. Here p. 57, no. 14, fig. 6, 33, 34.
bibliographic citation: Glatzer, Bernt. “The Madrasah of Shah-i-Mashhad in Badgis’.” Afghanistan, no. 25 (1973): 46–68. Here p. 60, no. 14, fig. 15, 16
bibliographic citation: Glatzer, Bernt. “Das Mausoleum und die Moschee desGhoriden Ghiyāth Ud-Dīn in Herat.” Afghanistan Journal VII, no. 1 (1980): 6–22. Here p. 18, fig. 19
bibliographic citation: Hillenbrand, Robert. “The Ghurid Tomb at Herat.” In Cairo to Kabul: Afghan and Islamic Studies Presented to Ralph Pinder-Wilson, edited by W. Ball and L. Harrow. Melisende, 2002, p. 123-143. Here p. 141, pl. 12.22.
bibliographic citation: Najimi, Abdul Wassay. “The Ghurid Madrasa and Mausoleum of Shāh-i Mashhad Ghur, Afghanistan.” Iran 53 (2015): 161–63. Here p. 161-163, fig. 18 (reading by A. Ghouchani).
internalstructure: linear
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
characterspacing: superscription at end of line
presenceofelongation: absent
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
alifascenders: alif - half-palmette serif
alifascenders: alif - shaft tapers from thick to thin
alifascenders: foot with thin left hook
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - shaft tapers from thick to thin
kafascenders: initial, medial and final compact form (mashkūlah)
kafascenders: sword-like top arm
kafascenders: stylized top arm crossing over the main shaft
nundescenders: thick bowl
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: medial short pointed denticles
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
hacounters: initial / medial double-eyed top and bottom (mulawwazah)
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) rounded
facounters: triangular pointed head
facounters: rounded head
mimcounters: circular head
additionalcharacteristics: Three circular holes arranged in an inverted triangle adorn the shafts; the lower hole has sometimes an inverted-drop shape
additionalcharacteristics: An intricate scroll with vegetal patterns in openwork is carved on the background
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title: Masonry, Badghis Province, 1166 or 1176, Other
created: 2025-12-15T14:36:38+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:13+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Afghanistan_VA_03
creator: Viola Allegranzi
created: ramaḍān 571 (or: 561) H.
created: 1166/1176
spatial: Exact
location created: Afghanistan, Badghis province, Jawand district, Shah-i Mashhad Madrasa
location: Shah-i Mashhad madrasa, Badghis province, Afghanistan, northwestern corner of the north ivan
language: Arabic
text type: Devotional text
text: هو (أ)جل رسول الـله صلی الـله عليه ...
script: Other
colorscript: no trace of color left
note: The start and end of the inscription are lost; some words at the beginning of the preserved section are damaged and undeciphered.
object type: architectural element\masonry
medium: plaster
shape: band
layout: One line running vertically (from top to bottom) then horizontally on the northern and western walls of the north ivan, at the springing of the arches.
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
instrument: chisel
scope note: Only a short section of the inscription is preserved in the northwestern corner of the north ivan. The first part of this section, inscribed vertically on the northern wall, is highly damaged. The date is recorded in the inscription (in border Kufic) on the portal of the monument; this text is damaged and the reading of the tens is uncertain.
bibliographic citation: Casimir, Michael J., and Bernt Glatzer. “Šāh-i Mašhad, a Recently Discovered Madrasah of the Ghurid Period in Ġarǧistān (Afghanistan).” East and West 21, no. 1/2 (1971): 53–68. Here p. 57, no. 14, fig. 6, 33, 34.
bibliographic citation: Glatzer, Bernt. “The Madrasah of Shah-i-Mashhad in Badgis’.” Afghanistan, no. 25 (1973): 46–68. Here p. 60, no. 15, fig. 15
bibliographic citation: Najimi, Abdul Wassay. “The Ghurid Madrasa and Mausoleum of Shāh-i Mashhad Ghur, Afghanistan.” Iran 53 (2015): 161–63. Here p. 161-163, fig. 18, 19.
internalstructure: linear
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: absent
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
alifascenders: alif - half-palmette serif
alifascenders: alif - shaft tapers from thick to thin
alifascenders: foot with thin left hook
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - shaft tapers from thick to thin
nundescenders: thick bowl
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: medial short pointed denticles
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) rounded
facounters: triangular pointed head
facounters: rounded head
additionalcharacteristics: Three circular holes arranged in an inverted triangle adorn the shafts
additionalcharacteristics: An intricate scroll with vegetal patterns in openwork is carved on the background
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title: Masonry, Herat, 1202-1203, Other
created: 2025-12-15T14:36:38+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:13+00:00
primary media: https://callfront.inha.fr/api/media/4221
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rights holder: CallFront
license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Afghanistan_VA_04
creator: Viola Allegranzi
created: 599? H.
created: 1202/1203
spatial: Exact
location created: Afghanistan, Herat province, Herat, Mausoleum of Ghiyath al-Din, annexed to the Great Mosque of Herat
location: demolished in the 1950s
language: Arabic
text type: Titulature
text: معین خلیفة الـله غیاث الدنیا والدین [... علاء] الدولة القاھرة تاج [الملة البا]ھرة جلال [الأمة الزھرة ...] (؟)
script: Other
colorscript: no trace of color left
note: The inscription was fragmented and partially plastered over already at the time of the earliest photographic documentation. I was able to reconstruct some titles of the Ghurid sultan Ghiyāth al-Dīn on the basis of photos taken by von Niedermayer (1915-16), Byron (1935) and Stuckert (1942). V. Allegranzi (2026).
object type: architectural element\masonry
medium: plaster
shape: band
layout: One horizontal line running on the four interior walls, below the transition zone.
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
instrument: chisel
scope note: In existing photographs, only short sections of the inscription are visible, notably on both sides of the north-west corner. The alleged date is that of Ghiyath al-Din's death, but the mausoleum may have been built a little earlier or later (the foundation inscription of the mosque is dated from 597 H./1201).
bibliographic citation: Niedermayer, Oskar von, and Ernst Diez. Afghanistan. Hiersemann, 1924. fig. 154.
bibliographic citation: Glatzer, Bernt. “Das Mausoleum und die Moschee des Ghoriden Ghiyāth Ud-Dīn in Herat.” Afghanistan Journal VII, no. 1 (1980): 6–22. Here p. 18, fig. 11
bibliographic citation: Hillenbrand, Robert. “The Ghurid Tomb at Herat.” In Cairo to Kabul: Afghan and Islamic Studies Presented to Ralph Pinder-Wilson, edited by W. Ball and L. Harrow. Melisende, 2002, p. 123-143. Here p. 141, pl. 12.20, 12.21.
internalstructure: linear
groupsofcharactersbaseline: oblique
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: rare
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
alifascenders: alif - half-palmette serif
alifascenders: alif - shaft tapers from thick to thin
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - shaft tapers from thick to thin
nundescenders: wide deep bowl
hacounters: isolated one-eyed round (mu'arrāh)
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) rounded
facounters: triangular pointed head
additionalcharacteristics: Wide lām-'alif with open-eye at its base
additionalcharacteristics: Three circular holes arranged in an inverted triangle adorn the heads of the shafts; the lower hole has sometimes an inverted-drop shape
additionalcharacteristics: An intricate scroll with vegetal patterns in openwork is carved on the background
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geography-type: Point
geography-coordinates: 62.1957
geography-coordinates: 34.343732

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title: Portal, Sistan, 1213-1221?, Other
created: 2025-12-15T14:36:38+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:14+00:00
primary media: https://callfront.inha.fr/api/media/4224
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Afghanistan_VA_05
creator: Viola Allegranzi
created: 610-618? H.
created: 1213/1221
spatial: Approximate
location created: Afghanistan, Sistan, Great Mosque of Peshawaran
location: unknown conservation state
language: Arabic
text type: Titulature
text: المظفر العالم العادل الغازی یمین الدنیا [والدین؟] ... ⁄ ... المعظم السعید (؟) …
script: Other
colorscript: no trace of color left
note: The inscription was highly fragmented already at the time of the earliest photographic documentation. The titulature may refer to Yamīn al-Dīn Bahrām Shāh (ca. 610-618/1213-1221), ruler of the Nasrid line of the Maliks of Sistan.
object type: architectural element\portal
medium: plaster
layout: One line framing the entrance ivan of the building.
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
instrument: chisel
scope note: In existing photographs, only short sections of the inscription are preserved, on the lower right and upper left sides of the entrance respectively. In some previous publications, the mosque has been wrongly identified with the site of Kul Marut.
bibliographic citation: RCEA, IX, no 3583
bibliographic citation: Hackin, J., J. Meunie, and J. Carl. Diverses Recherches Archéologiques En Afghanistan. Paris, 1959., figs. 114-115.
bibliographic citation: Online publication: TEI, no. 8314
internalstructure: linear
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: absent
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
alifascenders: alif - half-palmette serif
alifascenders: alif - shaft tapers from thick to thin
alifascenders: foot with thin left hook
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - shaft tapers from thick to thin
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft with half-palmette serif
nundescenders: thick bowl
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: medial short pointed denticles
facounters: rounded pointed head
medialaincounters: wide inverted triangle
mimcounters: circular head
ihmalvocalization: V shape
additionalcharacteristics: Four circular holes arranged in an inverted triangle adorn the shafts
additionalcharacteristics: An ornamental V-shaped element balance the negative space
additionalcharacteristics: An intricate scroll with vegetal patterns in openwork is carved on the background
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label: Ghazni, Ghazni Province, Afghanistan
geography-type: Point
geography-coordinates: 68.413211
geography-coordinates: 33.544897

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title: Tombstone, Ghazni, 1030, Epigraphic Round Script
created: 2025-12-15T14:36:38+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:14+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Afghanistan_VA_MM_01
creator: Viola Allegranzi
creator: Martina Massullo
created: 421 (rabīʿ al-āḫir) H.
created: 1030
spatial: Exact
location created: Afghanistan, Ghazni
location: Ghazni, Rawza hill
language: Arabic
text type: Funerary text
text: توفي رحمة الله عليه و نور حفرته و بيض وجهه عشية يوم الخميس لسبع بقين من شهر ربيع الاخر سنة احدى و عشرين واربع ماية غفر له
script: Epigraphic Round Script
colorscript: no trace of color left
object type: cenotaph/tombstone
medium: stone\type of stone\alabaster
shape: other
size: unknown
layout: Six horizontal lines on the Eastern face of the top element.
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
instrument: chisel
scope note: The epitaph is inscribed inside a trilobed catouche. Name and titles of the deceased (the Ghaznavid ruler Maḥmūd b. Sebüktegin, d. 421 H./1030) are inscribed in Kufic style on the Western face of the same support.
bibliographic citation: RCEA, VI, n. 2377, 2380
bibliographic citation: Flury, Samuel. “Le décor épigraphique des monuments de Ghazna.” Syria 6, no. 1 (1925): 61–90.
bibliographic citation: Jalali, Ghulam Gilani. Ġazna va Ġaznaviyān. Kabul, 1951. 215-16
bibliographic citation: Riḍā, Muḥammad. Riyāḍ al-alwāḥ. Muštamil bar katibahā-yi qubūr va abniya-yi Ġazna. Kabul, 1967. 119-20.
bibliographic citation: Abd al-Hayy, Habibi. A Short History of Calligraphy and Epigraphy in Afghanistan. Kabul, 1971. fig. p. 180-81
bibliographic citation: Giunta, Roberta. “The Tomb of Muḥammad Al-Harawī (447/1055) at Ġaznī (Afghanistan) and Some New Observations on the Tomb of Maḥmūd the Ġaznavid.” East and West 51, no. 1/2 (2001): 109–26.
bibliographic citation: Giunta, Roberta. Les inscriptions funéraires de Ġaznī (IVe-IXe/Xe-XVe Siècles). Series Maior 8. Università degli studi di Napoli L’Orientale, 2003. 27-44, no. 2, pl. IV-VIII .
scriptshape: trefoil
internalstructure: linear
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: rare
elongatedletters: yā’ rajiah
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: round dot
alifascenders: alif - top right serif
alifascenders: alif - shaft tapers from thick to thin
alifascenders: foot with thin left hook
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - bevelled head
lamascenders: lām - shaft tapers from thick to thin
razadescenders: hooked tail
mimdescenders: convex downstroke
jimdescenders: semicircular backward tail
jimdescenders: opening horizontal
jimdescenders: looped tail
yadescenders: backward horizontal stroke below baseline
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles with first denticle extended
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: bevelled top
hacounters: initial / medial double-eyed top and bottom (mulawwazah)
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) rounded
facounters: triangular pointed head
medialaincounters: compact inverted triangle / open or closed eye
mimcounters: rounded head pointed chin
mimcounters: circular head
shaddavocalization: short denticles
ihmalvocalization: V shape
additionalcharacteristics: diacritical points are not systematically used
additionalcharacteristics: ornamental U-shaped alif-lam used to balance the negative space
additionalcharacteristics: symmetrical lam-alif with two diagonal arms

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title: Arch, Ghazni, 1044-1045, Epigraphic Round Script
created: 2025-12-15T14:36:38+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:14+00:00
primary media: https://callfront.inha.fr/api/media/4230
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rights holder: CallFront
license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Afghanistan_VA_MM_02
creator: Viola Allegranzi
creator: Martina Massullo
created: 436 H.
created: 1044/1045
spatial: Exact
location created: Afghanistan, Ghazni
location: unknown
language: Arabic
text type: Foundation inscription
text: جدد هذه العمارة على يد [...] الامير السيد الملك المؤيد شهاب الدولة وقطب الملة وفخر الامة ابو الفتح مودود بن مسعود اطال الـله بقاه في شهور سنة ست و ثلاثين واربع ماية
script: Epigraphic Round Script
colorscript: no trace of color left
object type: cenotaph/tombstone
medium: stone\type of stone\marble
shape: band
size: 93 x 110; 104 x 32 cm
layout: One line running from bottom to top on the right side, horizontally on the upper side, from top to bottom on the left side.
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
instrument: chisel
scope note: The arch was found reused as mihrab in a modern mosque, the lower part was placed upside down, so the beginning and end of the epigraphic band are out of place. The text is however complete.
bibliographic citation: Pinder-Wilson, Ralph. “Ghaznavid and Ghūrid Minarets.” Iran 39 (2001): 155-186. Here p. 180, note 22
bibliographic citation: Giunta, Roberta. “Testimonianze epigrafiche dei regnanti ghaznavidi a Ġaznī.” Scritti in onore di Giovanni M. d’Erme (2005): 525–55; Here pp. 532–34.
bibliographic citation: Online publications: TEI, no. 37830
bibliographic citation: https://ghazni.bdus.cloud/islamic/finds/record/IG0076
scriptshape: rectangular
internalstructure: linear
groupsofcharactersbaseline: oblique
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: absent
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
alifascenders: alif - bevelled head
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - bevelled head
kafascenders: Initial /medial compact form diagonal body
kafascenders: stylized top arm crossing over the main shaft
kafascenders: final vertical shaft
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: shaft inclined to right
tazaascenders: ṭā' / ẓā' - non serifed
tazaascenders: ṭā' / ẓā' - bevelled head
wawdescenders: wāw - rounded tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - rounded tail
nundescenders: deep bowl
bahorizontals: short bowl
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: initial nuanced top right hook
badenticles: medial short pointed denticles
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
hacounters: initial / medial double-eyed top and bottom (mulawwazah)
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) with elongated vertical shaft / sometimes with serif
hacounters: isolated one-eyed triangular (murabba'ah)
facounters: rounded head
medialaincounters: compact inverted triangle / open or closed eye
mimcounters: triangular head flat on baseline
additionalcharacteristics: symmetrical lam-alif with two diagonal arms
additionalcharacteristics: jim-ha-kha curled eyebrow
additionalcharacteristics: ornamental U shaped alif-lam used to balance the negative space

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title: Tombstone, Ghazni, 1055, Epigraphic Round Script
created: 2025-12-15T14:36:38+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:14+00:00
primary media: https://callfront.inha.fr/api/media/4233
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rights holder: CallFront
license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Afghanistan_VA_MM_03
creator: Viola Allegranzi
creator: Martina Massullo
created: 447 H. rabīʿ al-āḫir
created: 1055
spatial: Exact
location created: Afghanistan, Ghazni
location: unknown
language: Arabic
text type: Funerary text
text: اللهم اغفرابي سهل محمد الباغبان الهروي في شهر ربيع الاخر سنة سبع واربعين واربع ماية ; كُلُّ نَفْسٍ ذَائِقَةُ الْمَوْتِ وَنَبْلُوكُم بِالشَّرِّ وَالْخَيْرِ فِتْنَةً وَإِلَيْنَا تُرْجَعُونَ
script: Epigraphic Round Script
colorscript: no trace of color left
note: The inscription contains a Quranic quotation (Quran 21:35).
object type: cenotaph/tombstone
medium: stone\type of stone\marble
shape: other
size: unknown
layout: Six horizontal lines on the Eastern and on the Northen face of the top element inscribed inside an arched cartouche.
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
instrument: chisel
scope note: The tomb is composed of a monolithic two-stepped base and a monolithic humpbacked top. The epitaph is inscribed on the top element.
bibliographic citation: Riḍā, Muḥammad. Riyāḍ al-alwāḥ. Muštamil bar katibahā-yi qubūr va abniya-yi Ġazna. Kabul, 1967. 119-20.
bibliographic citation: Giunta, Roberta. “The Tomb of Muḥammad Al-Harawī (447/1055) at Ġaznī (Afghanistan) and Some New Observations on the Tomb of Maḥmūd the Ġaznavid.” East and West 51, no. 1/2 (2001): 109–26.
bibliographic citation: Giunta, Roberta. Les inscriptions funéraires de Ġaznī (IVe-IXe/Xe-XVe Siècles). Series Maior 8. Università degli studi di Napoli L’Orientale, 2003. 27-44, no. 2, pl. IV-VIII .
bibliographic citation: Online publications: https://ghazni.bdus.cloud/islamic/finds/record/IG4003
scriptshape: other
internalstructure: linear
groupsofcharactersbaseline: oblique
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: rare
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
alifascenders: alif - bevelled head
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - bevelled head
kafascenders: initial, medial and final compact form (mashkūlah)
kafascenders: top arm pointing upwards
kafascenders: stylized top arm
mimdescenders: horizontal, curvilinear tail
nundescenders: plunging open bowl
jimdescenders: backward tail
jimdescenders: opening horizontal
jimdescenders: backward tail with final hook
bahorizontals: short straight bowl on baseline
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: initial perpendicular to baseline
hacounters: initial / medial double-eyed top and bottom (mulawwazah)
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) rounded
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) with elongated vertical shaft
facounters: rounded head
medialaincounters: compact inverted triangle / open or closed eye
medialaincounters: rounded head open eye
mimcounters: circular head
sukunvocalization: circle
ihmalvocalization: V shape
additionalcharacteristics: ornamental U shaped alif-lam used to balance negative space
additionalcharacteristics: isolated V shape and trilobed flowers
additionalcharacteristics: medial tā’ denticle with ascending vegetal element (word: fitna)
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title: Panel, Ghazni, 1058, Epigraphic Round Script
created: 2025-12-15T14:36:38+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:14+00:00
primary media: https://callfront.inha.fr/api/media/4235
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Afghanistan_VA_MM_04
creator: Viola Allegranzi
creator: Martina Massullo
created: 450 H. ramaḍān
created: 1058-10-10/1058-11-11
spatial: Exact
location created: Afghanistan, Ghazni
location: unknown
language: Arabic
text type: Foundation inscription
text: بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم امر ببناء هذا المسجد والمحراب ابي جعفر محمد بن احمد بن علي بن احمد في شهر رمضان سنة خمسين واربع ماية
script: Epigraphic Round Script
colorscript: no trace of color left
object type: architectural element\panel
medium: stone\type of stone\marble
shape: band
size: unknown
layout: One line running from bottom to top on the right side, horizontally on the upper side, from top to bottom on the left side.
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
instrument: chisel
scope note: The arch was found reused as mihrab in a modern mosque. The formula al-mulk li-llāh and the names of two individuals are inscribed in Kufic letters inside the niche.
bibliographic citation: Giunta Roberta, Les inscriptions de la ville de Gazni (Afghanistan), PhD thesis, Université Aix-Marseille I, 1999, 3 vols (unpublished). Here vol. I, pp. 345-348, no. 1a, pls. 327, 328
bibliographic citation: Giunta, Roberta. “Un texte de construction d’époque Ġūride à Ġaznī.” Studi in onore di Umberto Scerrato per il suo settantacinquesimo compleanno, Series Minor, vol. 2, no. 65 (2003): 439–55. Here p. 448
bibliographic citation: Online publications: TEI, no. 38445
bibliographic citation: https://ghazni.bdus.cloud/islamic/finds/record/IG0056
scriptshape: rectangular
internalstructure: linear
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: rare
elongatedletters: yā’ rajiah
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
alifascenders: alif - vertical
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
mimdescenders: elongated s-shape
nundescenders: wide deep bowl
jimdescenders: backward tail
yadescenders: backward horizontal stroke below baseline
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles with first denticle extended
badenticles: initial slightly inclined to left
hacounters: initial/medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr) with right hook
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) rounded
facounters: rounded head
medialaincounters: soft inverted triangle
mimcounters: circular head
ihmalvocalization: V shape
additionalcharacteristics: dots with superposed V shape ornaments used to balance the negative space
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title: Tombstone, Ghazni, 1068, Epigraphic Round Script
created: 2025-12-15T14:36:38+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:14+00:00
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identifier: Afghanistan_VA_MM_05
creator: Viola Allegranzi
creator: Martina Massullo
created: 461 (muḥarram) H.
created: 1068
spatial: Exact
location created: Afghanistan, Ghazni
location: unknown
language: Arabic
text type: Funerary text
text: بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم غفران من الله للشيخ الجليل السيد العالم ابي الفتح طقي الحنفي انار الله برهانه و بيض وجهه و نور حفرته / كان وفات السيد غدو الجمعة من محرم سنة احدى و ستين و اربع ماية
script: Epigraphic Round Script
colorscript: no trace of color left
object type: cenotaph/tombstone
medium: stone\type of stone\marble
shape: band
size: unknown
layout: One horizontal line which runs on each of the four faces of the top element and ends on the rectangular lower block covering the grave's earth mound.
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
instrument: chisel
scope note: The inscription on the inferior bloc ends on a second horizontal upper line due to a lack of space in the epigraphic band.
bibliographic citation: Giunta, Roberta. Les inscriptions funéraires de Ġaznī (IVe-IXe/Xe-XVe Siècles). Series Maior 8. Università degli studi di Napoli L’Orientale, 2003. 50-54, no. 4, pl. X-XI
bibliographic citation: Online publications: https://ghazni.bdus.cloud/islamic/finds/record/IG4004
scriptshape: rectangular
internalstructure: linear
groupsofcharactersbaseline: oblique
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
characterspacing: superscription at end of line
presenceofelongation: rare
elongatedletters: yā’ rajiah
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
alifascenders: alif - bevelled head
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - bevelled head
kafascenders: Initial /medial compact form diagonal body
kafascenders: top arm with final hook
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft no serif
mimdescenders: elongated s-shape
nundescenders: wide deep bowl
jimdescenders: semicircular backward tail
jimdescenders: opening horizontal
yadescenders: backward oblique stroke
bahorizontals: short straight bowl on baseline
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: bevelled top
badenticles: medial short pointed denticles
hacounters: initial / medial double-eyed top and bottom (mulawwazah)
facounters: rounded head
facounters: soft triangular head
medialaincounters: compact inverted triangle / open or closed eye
mimcounters: rounded head
mimcounters: rounded head pointed chin
ihmalvocalization: V shape
additionalcharacteristics: initial bā’ denticle elongated upward (basmala)
additionalcharacteristics: ornamental U-shape alif-lam and V shape used to balance the negative space

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title: Tombstone, Ghazni, 1072, Epigraphic Round Script
created: 2025-12-15T14:36:39+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:14+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Afghanistan_VA_MM_06
creator: Viola Allegranzi
creator: Martina Massullo
created: 25 ramaḍān 464 H.
created: 1072-06-15
spatial: Exact
location created: Afghanistan, Ghazni
location: unknown
language: Arabic
text type: Funerary text
text: بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم اللهم اغفر وارحم الشيخ الاجل السيد ابي بكر محمد بن احمد بن علي رحمه الـله ونور قبره توفي ليلة الجمعة الخامس والعشرين من شهر رمضان سنة اربع وستين واربعماية / بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم *كُلُّ نَفْسٍ ذَآئِقَةُ الْمَوْتِ وَإِنَّمَا تُوَفَّوْنَ أُجُورَكُمْ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ فَمَن زُحْزِحَ عَنِ *
script: Other
colorscript: no trace of color left
note: The inscription contains a Quranic quotation (Quran 3:185, incomplete).
object type: cenotaph/tombstone
medium: stone\type of stone\marble
shape: band
size: unknown
layout: One horizontal line on each of the four faces of the moulded top and on the four sides of the stepped lower element (upper face) ; two additional short lines on a square cartouche on the upper face of the lower element.
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
instrument: chisel
scope note: The tomb is composed of a stepped element and a moulded top. The inscription runs on both elements, the top element shows quotation from Quran while the lower one is inscribed with the name of the deceased and date of death.
bibliographic citation: Jalali, Ghulam Gilani. Ġazna va Ġaznaviyān. Kabul, 1951. 262-63.
bibliographic citation: Riḍā, Muḥammad. Riyāḍ al-alwāḥ. Muštamil bar katibahā-yi qubūr va abniya-yi Ġazna. Kabul, 1967. 196.
bibliographic citation: Giunta, Roberta. Les inscriptions funéraires de Ġaznī (IVe-IXe/Xe-XVe Siècles). Series Maior 8. Università degli studi di Napoli L’Orientale, 2003. 55-60, no. 5, pl. XII-XIV .
bibliographic citation: Online publications: https://ghazni.bdus.cloud/islamic/finds/record/IG4005
scriptshape: rectangular
scriptshape: square
internalstructure: linear
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
elongatedletters: yā’ rajiah
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
ligature: Abusive - final sīn and dāl
shading: medium contrast
point: round dot
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
alifascenders: alif - bevelled head
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - bevelled head
kafascenders: initial/medial compact form
kafascenders: diagonal top arm mid-height of main shaft
wawdescenders: wāw - crescent tail
wawdescenders: wāw - short curvilinear tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
mimdescenders: mīm - s-shape
mimdescenders: mīm - vertical downstroke
nundescenders: wide deep bowl
jimdescenders: semicircular backward tail
jimdescenders: opening horizontal
yadescenders: backward horizontal stroke
bahorizontals: straight bowl on baseline
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: initial perpendicular to baseline
badenticles: medial short pointed denticles
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) rounded
hacounters: isolated one-eyed triangular (murabba'ah)
hacounters: initial / medial double-eyed top and bottom (mulawwazah)
facounters: rounded head

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title: Tombstone, Ghazni, 1078, Epigraphic Round Script
created: 2025-12-15T14:36:39+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:14+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Afghanistan_VA_MM_07
creator: Viola Allegranzi
creator: Martina Massullo
created: 19 ramaḍān 470 H.
created: 1078-04-05
spatial: Exact
location created: Afghanistan, Ghazni
location: Kuwait National Museum
language: Arabic
text type: Funerary text
text: بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم *كُلُّ نَفْسٍ ذَائِقَةُ الْمَوْتِ* وفات الشيخ العميد الجليل السيد أبو الفضل محمد بن ﻋ[لي ؟] الطوسي نور الله حفرته بتاريخ يوم التاسع ﻋ[شرة ...] رمضان سنة سبهين و اربع ماية
script: Epigraphic Round Script
colorscript: no trace of color left
note: The inscription contains a Quranic quotation (3:118; 21:35; 29;57).
object type: cenotaph/tombstone
medium: stone\type of stone\marble
shape: band
size: unknown
layout: Two horizontal lines of writing on each of the two longitudinal faces of the top element of the tomb.
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
instrument: chisel
scope note: The tomb is part of The al-Sabah Collection, Dar al-Athar al-Islamiyya, inv. no. LSN 28 S
bibliographic citation: Giunta, Roberta. Les inscriptions funéraires de Ġaznī (IVe-IXe/Xe-XVe Siècles). Series Maior 8. Università degli studi di Napoli L’Orientale, 2003. 61-65, no. 6, pl. XV.
bibliographic citation: al-Zayla'i, Ahmed b. Umar . “Tombstones.” In Dar Al-Athar al-Islamiyya, vols. 13–14. Kuwait, 1989. 13-14. 21-29
scriptshape: rectangular
internalstructure: linear
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: absent
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
alifascenders: alif - bevelled head
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - bevelled head
lamascenders: lām - s-shaped
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft no serif
nundescenders: wide deep bowl
jimdescenders: semicircular backward tail
jimdescenders: opening horizontal
bahorizontals: short bowl
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: initial inclined to left
badenticles: medial short pointed denticles
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) soft triangle on baseline
facounters: soft triangular head
facounters: rounded head
facounters: rhomboid over baseline
medialaincounters: compact inverted triangle / open or closed eye
mimcounters: circular head
mimcounters: circular pointed head
ihmalvocalization: V shape
additionalcharacteristics: two vegetal ornaments (leaf) used to balance the negative space
additionalcharacteristics: V shape ornaments used to balance the negative space
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title: Panel, Ghazni, 1059-1099, Epigraphic Round Script
created: 2025-12-15T14:36:39+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:14+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Afghanistan_VA_MM_08
creator: Viola Allegranzi
creator: Martina Massullo
created: 541 - 592 H.
created: 1059/1099
spatial: Exact
location created: Afghanistan, Ghazni
location: Kabul, National Museum of Afghanistan (lower fragments of the panel only)
language: Arabic
text type: Quran
text: بِٱلْقِسْطِ لَۚآ إِلَٰه ... ٱلْإِسْلَٰامُ ومَا ٱخْتَلَفَ ٱلَّذِينَ أُوتُوا۟ ٱلْكِتَابَ
script: Epigraphic Round Script
colorscript: no trace of color left
note: The Quranic verses (3:18-19) are partly preserved.
object type: architectural element\panel
medium: stone\type of stone\marble
shape: band
size: 50 x54.5 cm (lower fragments only)
layout: One line running from bottom to top on the right side, horizontally on the upper side, from top to bottom on the left side. Only two sections on the upper and left side are preserved.
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
instrument: chisel
scope note: The three fragments composing the panel were found reused in various locations in the Ghazni area. The shahada and part of the titulature of the Ghaznavid Sultan Ibrāhīm (r. 451-492H./1059-1099) are inscribed in Kufic letters on the upper fragment; the word "Allāh" is repeated on the lower fragment, inside the niche.
bibliographic citation: Giunta Roberta, Les inscriptions de la ville de Gazni (Afghanistan), PhD thesis, Université Aix-Marseille I, 1999, 3 vols (unpublished). Here vol. I, p. 368, 369, no. 6a, pls. 341, 342.
bibliographic citation: Online publications: https://ghazni.bdus.cloud/islamic/finds/marble/panels-niche-design/record/IG0039
bibliographic citation: https://ghazni.bdus.cloud/islamic/finds/marble/panels-niche-design/record/RM0018
bibliographic citation: TEI, no. 6208
scriptshape: rectangular
internalstructure: linear
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: absent
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
kafascenders: Initial /medial compact form diagonal body
kafascenders: top arm with final hook
tazaascenders: rounded body
wawdescenders: wāw - short curvilinear tail
bahorizontals: short bowl
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles with first denticle extended
badenticles: medial short pointed denticles
badenticles: initial slightly inclined to left
facounters: rounded head, pointed chin
mimcounters: soft triangular head
additionalcharacteristics: the final ba’ at the end of the inscription lays on a vertical baseline
additionalcharacteristics: one small vegetal ornament (leaf) used to balance the negative space
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title: Panel, Ghazni, 1059-1099, Epigraphic Round Script
created: 2025-12-15T14:36:39+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:14+00:00
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identifier: Afghanistan_VA_MM_09
creator: Viola Allegranzi
creator: Martina Massullo
created: 451 - 492 H.
created: 1059/1099
spatial: Exact
location created: Afghanistan, Ghazni
location: Ghazni, warehouse
language: Arabic
text type: Titulature
text: السلاطين ظهير الدولة
script: Epigraphic Round Script
colorscript: no trace of color left
note: The inscription contains part of the titulature of the Ghaznavid Sultan Ibrāhīm (r. 451-492H./1059-1099).
object type: architectural element\panel
medium: stone\type of stone\marble
shape: band
size: 62.5 x 70.5 cm
layout: One line running from bottom to top
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
instrument: chisel
scope note: The preserved item constitutes a fragment of a larger panel. Other inscriptions are visible on the horizontal band on the central surface (see Afghanistan_VA_MM_10) and on a rectangular cartouche below it. The latter is in square Kufic and contains the names of the first caliphs and imams.
bibliographic citation: Pinder-Wilson, Ralph. “Ghaznavid and Ghūrid Minarets.” Iran 39 (2001): 155-186. Here p. 160-161, fig. 12, 13.
bibliographic citation: Giunta, Roberta. “Testimonianze epigrafiche dei regnanti ghaznavidi a Ġaznī.” Scritti in onore di Giovanni M. d’Erme I (2005): 525–55. Here p. 538-540, fig. 9.
bibliographic citation: Online publications: https://ghazni.bdus.cloud/islamic/finds/record/RM0015
bibliographic citation: TEI, no. 37828
is part of: https://callfront.inha.fr/api/items/3819
scriptshape: rectangular
internalstructure: linear
internalstructure: partially interwoven
groupsofcharactersbaseline: oblique
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: absent
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
tazaascenders: rounded body
wawdescenders: rounded tail elongated upwards
nundescenders: wide deep bowl
yadescenders: backward stroke returning in a second parallel stroke
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: medial short pointed denticles
hacounters: initial / medial double-eyed top and bottom (mulawwazah)
facounters: soft triangular head
ihmalvocalization: V shape
additionalcharacteristics: jim-ha-kha curled eyebrow
additionalcharacteristics: V shape ornaments (with or without dot at their bases) used to balance the negative space
additionalcharacteristics: one lam- alif used to balance the negative space
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Afghanistan_VA_MM_10
creator: Viola Allegranzi
creator: Martina Massullo
created: 451 - 492 H.
created: 1059/1099
spatial: Exact
location created: Afghanistan, Ghazni
location: Ghazni, warehouse
language: Arabic
text type: Funerary text
text: ...اللهم اغفر وارحم الحسن بن ابي
script: Epigraphic Round Script
colorscript: no trace of color left
note: The inscription contains the beginning of a funerary text.
object type: architectural element\panel
medium: stone\type of stone\marble
shape: band
size: 62.5 x 70.5 cm
layout: One horizontal line.
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
instrument: chisel
scope note: The preserved item constitutes a fragment of a larger panel. Other inscriptions are visible on the left-side band (see Afghanistan_VA_MM_09) and on a rectangular cartouche located at the bottom centre. The latter is in square Kufic and contains the names of the first caliphs and imams.
bibliographic citation: Pinder-Wilson, Ralph. “Ghaznavid and Ghūrid Minarets.” Iran 39 (2001): 155-186. Here p. 160-161, fig. 12, 13.
bibliographic citation: Giunta, Roberta. “Testimonianze epigrafiche dei regnanti ghaznavidi a Ġaznī.” Scritti in onore di Giovanni M. d’Erme (2005): 525–55. Here p. 538-540, fig. 9.
bibliographic citation: Online publications: https://ghazni.bdus.cloud/islamic/finds/record/RM0015
bibliographic citation: TEI, no. 37828
is part of: https://callfront.inha.fr/api/items/3818
scriptshape: rectangular
internalstructure: linear
internalstructure: partially interwoven
groupsofcharactersbaseline: oblique
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: absent
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
tazaascenders: rounded body
wawdescenders: rounded tail elongated upwards
nundescenders: wide deep bowl
yadescenders: backward stroke returning in a second parallel stroke
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: medial short pointed denticles
hacounters: initial / medial double-eyed top and bottom (mulawwazah)
facounters: soft triangular head
ihmalvocalization: V shape
feature: https://callfront.inha.fr/api/mapping_features/353

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title: Panel, Ghazni, 1059-1099, Epigraphic Round Script
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title: Panel, Ghazni, 1059-1099, Epigraphic Round Script
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type: Item
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id: 3820
is public: true
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title: Arch, Ghazni, 1059-1099, Epigraphic Round Script
created: 2025-12-15T14:36:39+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:14+00:00
primary media: https://callfront.inha.fr/api/media/5749
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Afghanistan_VA_MM_11
creator: Viola Allegranzi
creator: Martina Massullo
created: 451 - 492 H.
created: 1059/1099
spatial: Exact
location created: Afghanistan, Ghazni
location: Ghazni, warehouse (upper fragments); Kabul, National Museum of Afghanistan (left side fragment)
language: Arabic
text type: Titulature
text: ...مويد الدين مغيث المسلمين ابي المظفر ابراهيم بن \ ناصر دين الـله ابي سعيد مسعود بن يمين الدولة \ ... ابي القسم محمود بن ناصر
script: Epigraphic Round Script
colorscript: no trace of color left
note: The inscriptions contains part of the titulature and the family lineage of the Ghaznavid Sultan Ibrāhīm (r. 451-492 H./1059-1099).
object type: architectural element\arch
medium: stone\type of stone\marble
shape: band
size: 25 x 40 cm (left side fragment only)
layout: One line running from bottom to top on the right side, horizontally on the upper side, from top to bottom on the left side. Only two sections on the upper portion and left side of the arch are preserved.
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
instrument: chisel
scope note: The two upper fragments composing the arch were found reused in various locations in the Ghazni area. The lower left fragment was later identified among the archaeological materials stored at the Kabul National Museum.
bibliographic citation: RCEA, VIII, n° 2874
bibliographic citation: Flury, Samuel. “Le décor épigraphique des monuments de Ghazna.” Syria 6, no. 1 (1925): 61–90. Here p. 74-75
bibliographic citation: Blair, Sheila S. The Monumental Inscriptions from Early Islamic Iran and Transoxiana. V. Studies in Islamic Art and Architecture. Supplements to Muqarnas. E. J. Brill, 1992. 182, n° 69-C
bibliographic citation: Giunta Roberta, Les inscriptions de la ville de Gazni (Afghanistan), PhD thesis, Université Aix-Marseille I, 1999, 3 vols (unpublished). Here vol. I, p. 351-355, no. 3b
bibliographic citation: Pinder-Wilson, Ralph. “Ghaznavid and Ghūrid Minarets.” Iran 39 (2001): 155-186. Here p. 162.
bibliographic citation: Allegranzi, Viola. Aux sources de la poésie ghaznavide : Les Inscriptions Persanes de Ghazni, Afghanistan, XIe-XIIe Siècles. Volume Ier. Presses Sorbonne nouvelle, 2019. Here vol. 1, p. 138-139
bibliographic citation: Giunta, Roberta, and Allegranzi, Viola. “Ghaznavid, Qarakhanid and Seljuq Monumental Inscriptions and the Development of Royal Propaganda: Towards an Epigraphic Corpus.” In The Seljuqs and Their Successors: Art, Culture and History, edited by Sheila R. Canby, Deniz Beyazit, and Martina Rugiadi. Edinburgh Studies in Islamic Art. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. 113-128. Here p. 120-121, fig. 8.2.
bibliographic citation: Online publications: https://ghazni.bdus.cloud/islamic/finds/marble/arches/record/IG0033
bibliographic citation: https://ghazni.bdus.cloud/islamic/finds/marble/arches/record/IG0003
bibliographic citation: TEI, no. 6209
scriptshape: rectangular
internalstructure: linear
internalstructure: partially interwoven
groupsofcharactersbaseline: oblique
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: rare
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: round dot
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
alifascenders: alif - shaft tapers from thick to thin
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - shaft tapers from thick to thin
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft no serif
nundescenders: wide deep bowl
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) rounded
facounters: rounded head
medialaincounters: compact inverted triangle / open or closed eye
dammavocalization: oblique tail (10°-35°)
dammavocalization: open eye
sukunvocalization: circle
ihmalvocalization: one or several subscript dots dāl / rāʾ/ sīn
ihmalvocalization: V shape
additionalcharacteristics: Characters elongated in the corners of the epigraphic frame; vegetal ornament are attached to them;
additionalcharacteristics: Diacritical points are not systematically used;

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title: Tombstone, Ghazni, 1444 Thuluth regional variant
created: 2025-12-15T14:36:39+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:14+00:00
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rights holder: CallFront
license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Afghanistan_MM_01
creator: Martina Massullo
created: 848 H.
created: 1444/1445
spatial: Exact
location created: Afghanistan, Ghazni
location: unknown
language: Arabic
text type: Funerary text
text: توفي غفر ﺍﻟﻟﻪ له ولوالده في التاريخ سنة ثمان وﺃربعين وثمان ماية كل نفس ذائقة الموت
script: Thuluth regional variant
colorscript: no trace of color left
note: the inscription contains a Quranic quotation (upper register; Quran 28:57) and the date of death (lower register).
object type: cenotaph/tombstone
medium: stone\type of stone\marble
shape: band
size: unknown
layout: Two rectangular bands (upper and lower register), each containing an horizontal line of writing.
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
instrument: chisel
scope note: In the lower band, the last words of the text are engraved on a second upper line, due to the lack of space.
bibliographic citation: Giunta, Roberta. Les inscriptions funéraires de Ġaznī (IVe-IXe/Xe-XVe Siècles). Series Maior 8. Università degli studi di Napoli L’Orientale, 2003. 287-289, no. 70, pl. XCIV
bibliographic citation: Massullo, Martina. “Marble Tombs from Ghazni (Fifteenth - Eighteenth Centuries): Morphological and Epigraphic Remarks.” Eurasian Studies 13, nos. 1–2 (2015): 54–67. pl. XIV.2.
bibliographic citation: Massullo Martina, Les tombeaux et les épitaphes de Ghazni (Afghanistan) entre le XVe et le XVIIIe siècle, PhD thesis, Aix-Marseille Université and Università degli studi di Napoli "L'Orientale", 3 vols (unpublished), 2017, Cat. no. 41, pp. 361-364, pl. XCIV-XCV.
scriptshape: rectangular
internalstructure: linear
lineofwriting: broken
groupsofcharactersbaseline: partial stacking of characters
characterspacing: superscription at end of line
presenceofelongation: rare
elongatedletters: yā’ rajiah
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
kafascenders: Kaf - two elongated parallel strokes
kafascenders: top arm short diagonal stroke
wawdescenders: wāw - diagonal tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - v-shaped
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - short almost horizontal tail
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - crescent tail
nundescenders: deep bowl
nundescenders: final lām straight horizontal bowl below baseline
jimdescenders: closing upward
yadescenders: backward horizontal stroke
bahorizontals: short bowl
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: initial perpendicular to baseline
badenticles: initial inclined to left
badenticles: medial short rounded denticles
hacounters: final multi-knotted form (musalsalah)
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah)
hacounters: final s-shaped (muḥdawdibah)
facounters: rounded head
medialaincounters: compact inverted triangle / open or closed eye
mimcounters: rounded head pointed chin
dammavocalization: oblique tail (10°-35°)
dammavocalization: diagonal tail (40°-45°)
dammavocalization: needle point eye
sukunvocalization: circle
shaddavocalization: short denticles

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title: Tombstone, Ghazni, 1541, Thuluth regional variant
created: 2025-12-15T14:36:39+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:14+00:00
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rights holder: CallFront
license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Afghanistan_MM_02
creator: Martina Massullo
created: 948 H. sha'ban
created: 1541/1542
spatial: Exact
location created: Afghanistan, Ghazni
location: Ghazni, warehouse
language: Arabic
text type: Funerary text
text: غفرانا من ﺍﻟﻟﻪ للشاب السعيد بابار كلان بن حسن الغزنوي غفرﺍﻟﻟﻪله وكا(ن) وفاته في يوم السبت الثاني من شهر شعبان لسنة ثمان وأربعين وتسعماية
script: Thuluth regional variant
colorscript: no trace of color left
note: the inscription contains the name of the deceased and the date of death.
object type: cenotaph/tombstone
medium: stone\type of stone\marble
shape: band
size: unknown
layout: An horizontal line of writing inside a rectangular band on each of the two longitudinal faces. Some words are broken on two levels.
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
instrument: chisel
bibliographic citation: Massullo Martina, Les tombeaux et les épitaphes de Ghazni (Afghanistan) entre le XVe et le XVIIIe siècle, PhD thesis, Aix-Marseille Université and Università degli studi di Napoli "L'Orientale", 3 vols (unpublished), 2017, Cat. no. 12, pp. 276-277, pl. LVIII.
scriptshape: rectangular
internalstructure: partially interwoven
internalstructure: large presence of negative space
internalstructure: piled
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: rare
elongatedletters: after medial ḥāʾ
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
point: round dot
alifascenders: alif - elongated vertical shaft
alifascenders: alif - top right serif
lamascenders: lām - elongated vertical shaft
lamascenders: lām - top right serif
kafascenders: Initial /medial compact form diagonal body
kafascenders: top arm with serif
wawdescenders: wāw - long flattened, tapered tail
wawdescenders: wāw - flattened, tapered tail
razadescenders: short curvilinear convex stroke
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - long flattened, tapered tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - flattened, tapered tail
mimdescenders: mīm - long flattened, tapered tail
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - crescent tail
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - plunging bowl
nundescenders: wide deep bowl
bahorizontals: short bowl
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - elongated curvilinear flattened bowl
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
sinshindenticles: elongated no denticles
badenticles: initial slightly inclined to left
badenticles: leftward stroke with short hook
badenticles: medial short pointed denticles
hacounters: initial / medial double-eyed top and bottom (mulawwazah)
hacounters: final s-shaped (muḥdawdibah)
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) with elongated vertical shaft / sometimes with serif
facounters: rounded head
facounters: rounded head needle point eye
medialaincounters: wide inverted triangle
mimcounters: rounded head pointed chin
dammavocalization: oblique tail (10°-35°)

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title: Tombstone, Ghazni, 1566, Thuluth regional variant
created: 2025-12-15T14:36:40+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:14+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Afghanistan_MM_03
creator: Martina Massullo
created: 973 H. dhu al-hijja
created: 1566
spatial: Exact
location created: Afghanistan, Ghazni
location: unknown
language: Arabic
text type: Funerary text
text: ھذا قبر الشيخ المحترم المكرم الصالح العابد العارف عبد الكريم بن عبد الرحيم الغزنوي في تاريخ يوم الجمعة غرة شهر ذي الحخة لسنة ثلاث وسبعين وتسعماية في هجرة النبي
script: Thuluth regional variant
colorscript: no trace of color left
note: the inscription contains the name of the deceased and the date of death.
object type: cenotaph/tombstone
medium: stone\type of stone\marble
shape: other
size: unknown
layout: A horizontal line of inscription runs within a rectangular band along each of the two longitudinal faces, with some words split across two levels. On the central arched panel of the east face, the text is arranged in five horizontal lines. The inscription begins on the rectangular band of the east face, continues along the rectangular band of the west face, and concludes on the east face within the frontal arched panel.
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
instrument: chisel
scope note: A second inscription in Persian language runs in the frame of the main epigraphic band of the west face, this text is not taken into account in our analysis.
bibliographic citation: Massullo Martina, "Marble Tombs from Ghazni (Fifteenth - Eighteenth Centuries): Morphological and Epigraphic Remarks", Eurasian Studies, 13/1-2: 54-67, 2015, pl. XIV.2; M. Massullo, Les tombeaux et les épitaphes de Ghazni (Afghanistan) entre le XVe et le XVIIIe siècle, PhD thesis, Aix-Marseille Université and Università degli studi di Napoli "L'Orientale", 3 vols (unpublished), 2017, Cat. no. 15, pp. 282-284, pl. LXIII
scriptshape: rectangular
internalstructure: tight interwoven
internalstructure: piled
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: absent
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
point: round dot
alifascenders: alif - elongated vertical shaft
alifascenders: alif - top right serif
lamascenders: lām - elongated vertical shaft
lamascenders: lām - top right serif
kafascenders: Initial /medial compact form diagonal body
kafascenders: top arm with final superscript kāf
wawdescenders: wāw - rounded tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - long flattened, tapered tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
mimdescenders: mīm - long flattened, tapered tail
mimdescenders: mīm - vertical downstroke
nundescenders: wide deep bowl
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - crescent bowl
jimdescenders: semicircular backward tail
jimdescenders: opening horizontal
bahorizontals: short bowl
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - elongated curvilinear flattened bowl
sinshindenticles: medial zig-zag denticles
sinshindenticles: short pointed denticles
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: initial slightly inclined to left
badenticles: initial top right serif
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
hacounters: initial / medial double-eyed top and bottom (mulawwazah)
hacounters: final s-shaped (muḥdawdibah)
hacounters: isolated one-eyed triangular (murabba'ah)
facounters: rounded head needle point eye
medialaincounters: wide inverted triangle
mimcounters: rounded head
dammavocalization: oblique tail (10°-35°)
dammavocalization: needle point eye

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title: Tombstone, Ghazni, 1567, Thuluth regional variant
created: 2025-12-15T14:36:40+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:14+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Afghanistan_MM_04
creator: Martina Massullo
created: 975 H.
created: 1567
spatial: Exact
location created: Afghanistan, Ghazni
location: Ghazni, warehouse
language: Arabic
text type: Funerary text
text: غفر انا من الله الأجل زبدة الصلحاء العارف السالك العابد الزاهد الكامل
script: Thuluth regional variant
colorscript: no trace of color left
note: the reading of the inscription is incomplete due to the lack of photographic documentation of the west face. Date of death is given by Rida 1967 (see Bibliography 2.3.12).
object type: cenotaph/tombstone
medium: stone\type of stone\marble
shape: other
size: unknown
layout: An horizontal line of writing inside a rectangular band on each of the two longitudinal faces. Words are sistematically broken on two superposed levels.
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
instrument: chisel
scope note: In each epigraphic band, the text is to be red from right to left and from the bottom to the upper line. An uninscribed arched panel divides the epigraphic band of the east face in two parts. Photos of the west face are missing.
bibliographic citation: Massullo Martina, Les tombeaux et les épitaphes de Ghazni (Afghanistan) entre le XVe et le XVIIIe siècle, PhD thesis, Aix-Marseille Université and Università degli studi di Napoli "L'Orientale", 3 vols (unpublished), 2017, Cat. no. 2, pp. 247-249, pl. XLIX
bibliographic citation: Riḍā, Muḥammad. Riyāḍ al-alwāḥ. Muštamil bar katibahā-yi qubūr va abniya-yi Ġazna. Kabul, 1967. 144-145 (reading of the epitaph).
scriptshape: rectangular
internalstructure: nested
internalstructure: partially interwoven
internalstructure: piled
internalstructure: large presence of positive space
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: absent
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - top right serif
alifascenders: alif - elongated vertical shaft
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - top right serif
lamascenders: lām - elongated vertical shaft
kafascenders: Initial /medial compact form diagonal body
kafascenders: top arm long diagonal stroke
wawdescenders: wāw - short curvilinear tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - long flattened, tapered tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - rounded tail
nundescenders: deep bowl
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: initial slightly inclined to left
hacounters: isolated one-eyed triangular (murabba'ah)
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
facounters: rounded head
medialaincounters: wide inverted triangle with thin right stroke
mimcounters: soft triangular head tilted left
shaddavocalization: tall denticles
ihmalvocalization: subscript miniature letter for hā’/ ʿayn/ sīn / sād / ṭa
additionalcharacteristics: Vegetal element used to balance the negative space between characters
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title: Tombstone, Ghazni, 1570, Thuluth regional variant
created: 2025-12-15T14:36:40+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:14+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Afghanistan_MM_05
creator: Martina Massullo
created: 978 H. rajab
created: 1570/1571
spatial: Exact
location created: Afghanistan, Ghazni
location: unknown
language: Arabic
text type: Funerary text
text: كان وفات الشيخ السالك العارف الفاضل العابد الصالح الكامل ﺃفضل اﻷماكن واﻷعيان ﺃشرف اﻷماثل واﻷقران المختص بجوار رحمة الملك اﻷحد شيخ محمد ﺃبو طالب بن العالم الفاضل الشيخ عبد العلي روضئي في تاريخ يوم الخميس اثني من شهر رجب المرجب سنة ثمانية وسبعين وتسعماية
script: Thuluth regional variant
colorscript: no trace of color left
note: the inscription contains the name of the deceased and date of death.
object type: cenotaph/tombstone
medium: stone\type of stone\marble
shape: other
size: unknown
layout: A rectangular epigraphic band on each of the two longitudinal faces. Words are sistematically broken on several superposed levels so as to fill the entire epigraphic surface. In each epigraphic band, the text is to be red from right to left, from the bottom to the upper line.
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
instrument: chisel
scope note: An uninscribed arched panel divides the epigraphic band of the east face in two parts.
bibliographic citation: Massullo Martina, Les tombeaux et les épitaphes de Ghazni (Afghanistan) entre le XVe et le XVIIIe siècle, PhD thesis, Aix-Marseille Université and Università degli studi di Napoli "L'Orientale", 3 vols (unpublished), 2017, Cat. no. 3, pp. 249-251, pl. XLIX
bibliographic citation: Riḍā, Muḥammad. Riyāḍ al-alwāḥ. Muštamil bar katibahā-yi qubūr va abniya-yi Ġazna. Kabul, 1967. 143 (reading of the epitaph).
scriptshape: rectangular
internalstructure: nested
internalstructure: partially interwoven
internalstructure: piled
internalstructure: large presence of positive space
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: occasional
elongatedletters: sīn/shin denticles
elongatedletters: final bā’/ṭā' /fā’ bowl
elongatedletters: yā’ rajiah
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - top right serif
alifascenders: alif - elongated vertical shaft
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - top right serif
lamascenders: lām - elongated vertical shaft
kafascenders: top flat arm
kafascenders: Initial /medial compact form diagonal body
kafascenders: no top arm and superscript kāf
kafascenders: top arm long diagonal stroke
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft with serif
wawdescenders: wāw - short curvilinear tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - short almost horizontal tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - short curvilinear tail
mimdescenders: mīm - short curvilinear tail
mimdescenders: mīm - s-shape
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - crescent tail
nundescenders: deep bowl
jimdescenders: semicircular backward tail
jimdescenders: opening horizontal
yadescenders: backward horizontal stroke
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - elongated curvilinear flattened bowl
bahorizontals: short bowl
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles

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title: Tombstone, Ghazni, 1577, Thuluth regional variant
created: 2025-12-15T14:36:40+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:14+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Afghanistan_MM_06
creator: Martina Massullo
created: 985 H. rabi' al-awwal
created: 1577/1578
spatial: Exact
location created: Afghanistan, Ghazni
location: Rome, Museo delle Civilità (MUCIV)
language: Arabic
text type: Funerary text
text: كان وفات الشاب الصالحا المسطورة ﺃغة شكر بنت الصالح خواجة حكيم الغزنوي في تاريخ يوم الثلاثة عشرين شهر ربيع اﻷولى السنة خمسة وثمانين وتسعماية
script: Thuluth regional variant
colorscript: no trace of color left
note: the inscription contains the name of the deceased and date of death.
object type: cenotaph/tombstone
medium: stone\type of stone\marble
shape: other
size: unknown
layout: A rectangular epigraphic band on each of the two longitudinal faces. Words are sistematically broken across several superposed levels so as to fill the entire epigraphic surface. In each epigraphic band, the text should be read from right to left and from the bottom to the upper line.
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
instrument: chisel
scope note: An uninscribed arched panel divides the epigraphic band of the east face in two parts.
bibliographic citation: Massullo Martina, Les tombeaux et les épitaphes de Ghazni (Afghanistan) entre le XVe et le XVIIIe siècle, PhD thesis, Aix-Marseille Université and Università degli studi di Napoli "L'Orientale", 3 vols (unpublished), 2017, Cat. no. 96, pp. 479-480, pl. CXX.
bibliographic citation: Massullo, Martina. “Marble Tombs from Ghazni (Fifteenth - Eighteenth Centuries): Morphological and Epigraphic Remarks.” Eurasian Studies 13, nos. 1–2 (2015): 54–67. pl. XIV.1.
scriptshape: rectangular
internalstructure: nested
internalstructure: partially interwoven
internalstructure: piled
internalstructure: large presence of positive space
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: occasional
elongatedletters: sīn/shin denticles
elongatedletters: final bā’/ṭā' /fā’ bowl
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - top right serif
alifascenders: alif - elongated vertical shaft
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - top right serif
lamascenders: lām - elongated vertical shaft
kafascenders: top flat arm
kafascenders: no top arm and superscript kāf
kafascenders: Initial /medial compact form diagonal body
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft no serif
wawdescenders: wāw - short curvilinear tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - short almost horizontal tail
mimdescenders: mīm - long flattened, tapered tail
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - crescent tail
nundescenders: deep bowl
jimdescenders: semicircular backward tail
jimdescenders: opening horizontal
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
sinshindenticles: elongated no denticles
badenticles: initial slightly inclined to left
badenticles: leftward stroke with short hook
hacounters: isolated one-eyed triangular (murabba'ah)
hacounters: initial / medial double-eyed top and bottom (mulawwazah)
hacounters: final s-shaped (muḥdawdibah)
facounters: rounded head

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title: Tombstone, Ghazni, 1579-1580, Thuluth regional variant
created: 2025-12-15T14:36:40+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:14+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Afghanistan_MM_07
creator: Martina Massullo
created: 987 H. muharram
created: 1579/1580
spatial: Exact
location created: Afghanistan, Ghazni
location: unknown
language: Arabic
text type: Funerary text
text: ابن المغفور المرحوم المبرور خواجة ممة (؟) الغزنوي في تاريخ يوم الجمعة ﺇحدى من شهر محرم لسنة سبعة وثمانين وتسعماية ٩٨٧ بشيء من علمه ﺇلا بما شاء وسع كرسيه السموات واﻷرض ولا يؤده حفظهما وهو العلي العظيم
script: Thuluth regional variant
colorscript: no trace of color left
note: the inscription on the upper element contains the nasab of the deceased and the date of death. The inscription on the lower element contains a Quranic quotation(2:255).
object type: cenotaph/tombstone
medium: stone\type of stone\marble
shape: band
size: unknown
layout: A rectangular epigraphic band on the east face of the base and the topmost element. Inside each band, words are sistematically broken on several superposed levels so as to fill the entire epigraphic surface. In each epigraphic band, the text should be read from right to left and from the bottom to the upper line.
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
instrument: chisel
scope note: The tomb is composed of a monolithic prismatic base and a upper molded element. Photos of the west face are missing.
bibliographic citation: Massullo Martina, Les tombeaux et les épitaphes de Ghazni (Afghanistan) entre le XVe et le XVIIIe siècle, PhD thesis, Aix-Marseille Université and Università degli studi di Napoli "L'Orientale", 3 vols (unpublished), 2017, Cat. no. 57, pp. 399-400, pl. CIII.
scriptshape: rectangular
internalstructure: nested
internalstructure: tight interwoven
internalstructure: piled
internalstructure: large presence of positive space
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: occasional
elongatedletters: sīn/shin denticles
elongatedletters: kāf bowl
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - top right serif
alifascenders: alif - elongated vertical shaft
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - top right serif
lamascenders: lām - elongated vertical shaft
kafascenders: initial medial and final elongated (mabsūṭah)
kafascenders: top arm with serif
kafascenders: no top arm and superscript kāf
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft with serif
wawdescenders: wāw - short curvilinear tail
wawdescenders: wāw - rounded tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - v-shaped
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - short almost horizontal tail
mimdescenders: mīm - long flattened, tapered tail
mimdescenders: mīm - s-shape
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - crescent tail
nundescenders: deep bowl
jimdescenders: semicircular backward tail
jimdescenders: opening downwards
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
sinshindenticles: tall denticles perpendicular to baseline
sinshindenticles: elongated no denticles
badenticles: initial perpendicular to baseline
badenticles: leftward stroke with short hook
hacounters: isolated one-eyed triangular (murabba'ah)
hacounters: initial / medial double-eyed top and bottom (mulawwazah)

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title: Codex, Harar, late 17th or early 18th century, Naskhī
created: 2025-12-15T16:06:50+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:14+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA-4.0
identifier: Ethiopia_SM_01
creator: Sana Mirza
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1601/1700
spatial: Exact
location created: Ethiopia, Harari region, Harar
production place note: The manuscript is attributed to Harar based on style. It was likely produced in the late 17th century-early 18th century CE.
location: Sherif Harar Museum, Harar, Ethiopia
page: https://w3id.org/vhmml/readingRoom/view/527086
language: Arabic
alternative: Qur'an
text type: Quran
script: Naskhī regional variant
colorscript: black
colorscript: red
colorscript: gold
note: 30th juz of the Qur'an. The entry is for the Qur'anic text t the endowment tice.
object type: manuscript\codex
medium: paper\type of paper\watermark
size: 15 x 10.2 cm
ruling: 11 lines per page
technique: written
ink: carbon-based ink (midād)
ink: red ink
bibliographic citation: Gori, Alessandro, Anne Regourd, Michele Petrone, and Sara Fani. “IslHornAfr Database.” IslHornAfr Database. https://islhornafr.tors.ku.dk/backend/people/3162.
bibliographic citation: Mirza, Sana. “A Red Sea Style ? The Early Eighteenth Century Qur’an Manuscripts of Harar.” Annales d’Ethiopie 34 (2022): 73–98.
bibliographic citation: Regourd, Anne, and Sana Mirza. Catalogue Des Manuscrits Du Sherif Harar Municipal Museum. Geuthner. 340 vols. Paris, 2024.
bibliographic citation: Regourd, Anne, “The Harari waqfiyyas of Qur’ans, their waqifs, and copyists.” In The Fake, the Replica, & the Copy. Islam 7th–20th C. Brill, 2026.
internalstructure: linear
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: round dot
alifascenders: alif - top right serif
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - top right serif
kafascenders: Initial /medial compact form diagonal body
kafascenders: final vertical shaft with top arm (sarkaj)
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft no serif
wawdescenders: wāw - angular horizontal tail
wawdescenders: wāw - long flattened, tapered tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - angular horizontal tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
mimdescenders: mīm - vertical downstroke
mimdescenders: mīm - s-shape
nundescenders: deep bowl
nundescenders: elongated curvilinear deep bowl
nundescenders: final lām straight horizontal bowl below baseline
jimdescenders: backward tail
bahorizontals: short bowl
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
sinshindenticles: short pointed denticles
badenticles: initial slightly inclined to left
badenticles: medial short pointed denticles

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property label: page
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title: Codex, Harar, 1731, Naskhī
created: 2025-12-15T16:06:50+00:00
modified: 2026-06-23T09:49:24+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA-4.0
identifier: Ethiopia_SM_02
creator: Sana Mirza
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 10 Shaʿbān 1143
created: 1731-02-17
spatial: Exact
location created: Ethiopia, Harari region, Harar
production place note: Place of production is based on stylistic analysis and oral histories.
location: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
language: Arabic
alternative: Qur'an
text type: Quran
script: Naskhī regional variant
colorscript: black
colorscript: red
note: This entry is for only the Qur'anic text and not the paratextual materials in the manuscript.
object type: manuscript\codex
medium: paper\type of paper\European paper
size: 31.5 x 21.5 cm
ruling: 17 lines per page
technique: written
ink: carbon-based ink (midād)
ink: red ink
bibliographic citation: Mirza, Sana. “A Red Sea Style ? The Early Eighteenth Century Qur’an Manuscripts of Harar.” Annales d’Ethiopie 34 (2022): 73–98.
bibliographic citation: Mirza, Sana. “The Visual Resonances of a Harari Qur’ān: An 18th Century Ethiopian Manuscript and Its Indian Ocean Connections.” Afriques, no. 8 (2017). https://journals.openedition.org/afriques/2052
bibliographic citation: Mirza, Sana. “An Ethiopian Indian Ocean Tradition: The Qur’an Manuscripts of Harar.” Muslim Cultures in the Indian Ocean: Diversity and Pluralism, Past & Present (Edinburgh), 2023.
internalstructure: linear
characterspacing: irregular spaces between characters
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: round dot
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
kafascenders: Initial /medial compact form diagonal body
kafascenders: no top arm and superscript kāf
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft no serif
wawdescenders: wāw - angular horizontal tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - angular horizontal tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
mimdescenders: mīm - long curvilinear tail
mimdescenders: mīm - vertical downstroke
nundescenders: deep semicircular bowl
nundescenders: final lām straight horizontal bowl below baseline
nundescenders: deep bowl
jimdescenders: backward tail
jimdescenders: opening horizontal
yadescenders: backward horizontal stroke below baseline
bahorizontals: short bowl
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: initial slightly inclined to left
badenticles: medial short rounded denticles
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
hacounters: initial / medial double-eyed top and bottom (mulawwazah)
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) rounded
facounters: rounded head
medialaincounters: wide inverted triangle
mimcounters: rounded head pointed chin
fathakasravocalizationcolour: black
dammavocalization: oblique tail (10°-35°)
dammavocalization: open eye
hamzavocalization: small ‘ain
sukunvocalization: small circle

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title: Codex, Harar, 1798, Naskhī
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identifier: Ethiopia_SM_03
creator: Sana Mirza
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 6 Rajab 1213
created: 1798-12-14
spatial: Exact
location created: Ethiopia, Harari region, Harar
production place note: The place of production is an attribution based on stylistic analysis
location: Washington DC, Library of Congress
language: Arabic
alternative: Qur'an
text type: Quran
script: Naskhī regional variant
colorscript: black
artist: ? ibn al-Garād ʿUmar ibn al-Amir Yūsuf
signaturerole: calligrapher
note: This entry is for only the Qur'anic text and not the paratextual materials in the manuscript.
object type: manuscript\codex
medium: paper\type of paper\European paper
ruling: 15 lines per page
technique: written
ink: carbon-based ink (midād)
ink: red ink
internalstructure: linear
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
point: inclined partial square
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
kafascenders: Initial /medial compact form diagonal body
kafascenders: no top arm and superscript kāf
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft no serif
wawdescenders: wāw - short curvilinear tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - short curvilinear tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
mimdescenders: mīm - short curvilinear tail
mimdescenders: mīm - vertical downstroke
nundescenders: wide bowl
nundescenders: elongated curvilinear deep bowl
nundescenders: final lām straight horizontal bowl below baseline
jimdescenders: backward tail
jimdescenders: opening horizontal
yadescenders: backward horizontal stroke
bahorizontals: short bowl
sinshindenticles: short pointed denticles
badenticles: initial slightly inclined to left
badenticles: medial short pointed denticles
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
hacounters: initial / medial double-eyed top and bottom (mulawwazah)
hacounters: initial / medial bottom v-shaped
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) inclined to left
hacounters: isolated one-eyed round (mu'arrāh)
medialaincounters: compact inverted triangle / open or closed eye

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title: Codex, Harar, late 18th or early 19th century, Naskhī
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license: CC BY-SA-4.0
identifier: Ethiopia_SM_04
creator: Sana Mirza
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1775/1825
spatial: Exact
location created: Ethiopia, Harari region, Harar
production place note: The place of production is an attribution based on stylistic analysis
location: Sherif Harar City Museum, Harar, Ethiopia
page: https://w3id.org/vhmml/readingRoom/view/527319
language: Arabic
alternative: Qur'an
text type: Quran
script: Naskhī regional variant
colorscript: black
colorscript: red
colorscript: gold
note: Single-volume Qur’an, Sherif Harar Municipal Museum, Accession number : SH2009.38
note: This entry is for only the Qur'anic text and not the paratextual materials in the manuscript.
object type: manuscript\codex
medium: paper\type of paper\European paper
size: 24.2 x 16.2 cm
ruling: 15 lines per page
technique: written
ink: carbon-based ink (midād)
ink: red ink
bibliographic citation: Regourd, Anne, and Sana Mirza. Catalogue Des Manuscrits Du Sherif Harar Municipal Museum. Geuthner. 340 vols. Paris, 2024.
bibliographic citation: Mirza, Sana. “The Visual Resonances of a Harari Qur’ān: An 18th Century Ethiopian Manuscript and Its Indian Ocean Connections.” Afriques, no. 8 (2017). https://journals.openedition.org/afriques/2052
bibliographic citation: Gori, Alessandro, Regourd, Anne, Petrone, Michele and Fani, Sara. “IslHornAfr Database.” IslHornAfr Database. https://islhornafr.tors.sc.ku.dk/backend/manuscripts/839
internalstructure: linear
characterspacing: irregular spaces between characters
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
kafascenders: Initial /medial compact form diagonal body
kafascenders: no top arm and superscript kāf
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft no serif
wawdescenders: wāw - long curvilinear tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - long curvilinear tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
mimdescenders: mīm - long curvilinear tail
mimdescenders: mīm - vertical downstroke
nundescenders: elongated curvilinear deep bowl
nundescenders: deep bowl left open
jimdescenders: backward tail
jimdescenders: opening downwards
yadescenders: backward horizontal stroke
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles

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title: Codex, Harar, likely 19th century, Naskhī
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language: Arabic
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note: Single-volume Qur’an, Duke University Library, Arabic MS 23 c.1
note: This entry is for only the Qur'anic text and not the paratextual materials in the manuscript.
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internalstructure: linear
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: non-nuanced strokes
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lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
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tazaascenders: rounded body
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razadescenders: rā'/zā' - short curvilinear tail
mimdescenders: mīm - short curvilinear tail
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title: Codex, Harar, likely late 18th or early 19th century, Naskhī
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note: This entry is for only the Qur'anic text and not the paratextual materials in the manuscript.
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tazaascenders: vertical shaft slight serif
wawdescenders: wāw - short curvilinear tail
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title: Codex, Harar, 1603-1604, Naskhī
created: 2025-12-15T16:06:51+00:00
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identifier: Ethiopia_SM_07
creator: Sana Mirza
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1012
created: 1603/1604
spatial: Exact
location created: Ethiopia, Harari region, Harar
location: Sherif Harar City Museum, Harar, Ethiopia
page: https://w3id.org/vhmml/readingRoom/view/527345
language: Arabic
alternative: Qur'an
text type: Quran
script: Naskhī regional variant
colorscript: black
colorscript: red
artist: Shaykha Amīna bint Shaykh Fāriḥ
signaturerole: calligrapher
note: Juz 12 from a 30-part Qur’an copied and endowed by Shaykha Amīna bint Shaykh Fāriḥ for her husband, al-Sayyīd ʿAbd al-Hādī, and their children in 1012/1603-4. Sherif Harar Museum, Accession number: SH2009.65 (ASH00275).
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bibliographic citation: Regourd, Anne, and Sana Mirza. Catalogue Des Manuscrits Du Sherif Harar Municipal Museum. Geuthner. 340 vols. Paris, 2024.
bibliographic citation: Gori, Alessandro, Regourd, Anne, Petrone, Michele and Fani, Sara. “IslHornAfr Database.” IslHornAfr Database. https://islhornafr.tors.sc.ku.dk/backend/manuscripts/578
internalstructure: linear
characterspacing: irregular spaces between characters
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shading: non-nuanced strokes
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point: inclined partial square
alifascenders: alif - slight top serif
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mimdescenders: mīm - short curvilinear tail
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nundescenders: elongated curvilinear deep bowl
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jimdescenders: backward tail
jimdescenders: opening downwards
jimdescenders: opening horizontal
bahorizontals: short bowl
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badenticles: medial short pointed denticles
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
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hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) inclined to left
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facounters: rounded head
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spatial: Exact
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language: Arabic
alternative: Qur'an
text type: Quran
script: Naskhī regional variant
colorscript: black
note: Juz 1 from a 30-part Qur’an endowed by Amir ʿAbd al-Shakūr ibn Amir Yūsuf for the benefit of his father Amir Yūsuf ibn Amir ʿAbu Bakar al-mujāḥid in Shaʿbān 1203/ Oct-November 1789. Institute of Ethiopian Studies, axccession number: IES 1850.
object type: manuscript\codex
medium: paper\type of paper\European paper
ruling: 13 lines per page
technique: written
ink: carbon-based ink (midād)
ink: red ink
bibliographic citation: Gori, Alessandro, Anne Regourd, Steve Delamarter, and Demeke Berhane. A Handlist of the Manuscripts in the Institute of Ethiopian Studies. Volume Two: The Arabic Materials of the Ethiopian Islamic Tradition. Pickwick Publications. Oregon, 2014.
bibliographic citation: Gori, Alessandro. “Waqf Certificates of Qurʾans from Harar: A First Assessment.” Proceedings of the International Conference Manuscripts and Texts, Languages and Contexts: The Transmission of Knowledge in the Horn of Africa. Hamburg, Alessandro Gori, Alessandro Bausi, and Denis Nosnitsin, July 17, 2014, 281–96.
bibliographic citation: Mirza, Sana. “Developing the Harari Muṣḥaf: The Indian Ocean Milieu of Ethiopian Scribes.” In Muslim Cultures of the Indian Ocean: Diversity and Pluralism, Past and Present, edited by Stéphane Pradines and Farouk Topan. Edinburgh University Press, 2023.
internalstructure: linear
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
point: inclined partial square
point: round dot
alifascenders: alif - slight top serif
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
kafascenders: initial Kāf
kafascenders: top arm pointing upwards
kafascenders: initial medial and final elongated (mabsūṭah)
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft no serif
wawdescenders: wāw - short curvilinear tail ending in hairline
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - short curvilinear tail ending in hairline
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
mimdescenders: long flattened tapered tail, hairline ending
mimdescenders: mīm - vertical downstroke
nundescenders: elongated curvilinear deep bowl
jimdescenders: backward tail
jimdescenders: opening downwards
bahorizontals: short bowl
bahorizontals: elongated straight bowl on baseline
sinshindenticles: short pointed denticles
badenticles: initial perpendicular to baseline
badenticles: medial short pointed denticles
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
hacounters: initial / medial double-eyed top and bottom (mulawwazah)
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) inclined to left
hacounters: isolated one-eyed round (mu'arrāh)
hacounters: initial / medial bottom v-shaped
facounters: rounded head
facounters: soft triangular head
medialaincounters: compact inverted triangle / open or closed eye
mimcounters: rounded head pointed chin, open eye
dammavocalization: oblique tail (10°-35°)
dammavocalization: closed eye

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title: Codex, Harar, 1767, Naskhī
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license: CC BY-SA-4.0
identifier: Ethiopia_SM_09
creator: Sana Mirza
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: Dhu al-qadah 1180
created: 1767-03-01/1767-03-31
spatial: Exact
location created: Ethiopia, Harari region, Harar
production place note: The place of production is an attribution based on stylistic analysis
location: Sherif Harar City Museum, Harar, Ethiopia
page: https://w3id.org/vhmml/readingRoom/view/608634
language: Arabic
alternative: Qur'an
text type: Quran
script: Naskhī regional variant
colorscript: black
colorscript: red
colorscript: green
artist: ‘Umar b. ‘Abd al-‘Azīz b. al-amīr Hāshim
signaturerole: calligrapher
note: This entry is for only the Qur'anic text and not the paratextual materials in the manuscript.
object type: manuscript\codex
medium: paper\type of paper\European paper
ruling: 15 lines per page
technique: written
ink: carbon-based ink (midād)
ink: red ink
bibliographic citation: Mirza, Sana. “The Visual Resonances of a Harari Qur’ān: An 18th Century Ethiopian Manuscript and Its Indian Ocean Connections.” Afriques, no. 8 (2017). https://journals.openedition.org/afriques/2052
bibliographic citation: Mirza, Sana. “Developing the Harari Muṣḥaf: The Indian Ocean Milieu of Ethiopian Scribes.” In Muslim Cultures of the Indian Ocean: Diversity and Pluralism, Past and Present, edited by Stéphane Pradines and Farouk Topan. Edinburgh University Press, 2023.
internalstructure: linear
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
point: inclined partial square
point: round dot
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
kafascenders: Initial /medial compact form diagonal body
kafascenders: sword-like top arm
tazaascenders: rounded swollen body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft no serif
tazaascenders: vertical shaft inclined to left
tazaascenders: vertical shaft with right hook
wawdescenders: wāw - long curvilinear tail ending in hairline
wawdescenders: wāw - long flattened tapered tail, hairline ending
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - long flattened tapered tail, hairline ending
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - angular horizontal tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - v-shaped
mimdescenders: mīm - long flattened, tapered tail
mimdescenders: mīm - vertical downstroke
nundescenders: elongated curvilinear deep bowl
jimdescenders: backward tail
jimdescenders: opening downwards
jimdescenders: opening horizontal
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - short curvilinear flattened bowl
sinshindenticles: short pointed denticles
badenticles: initial perpendicular to baseline
badenticles: medial short pointed denticles
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
hacounters: initial / medial double-eyed top and bottom (mulawwazah)
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) soft triangle on baseline

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title: Codex, Harar, 19th century, Naskhī
created: 2025-12-15T16:06:51+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA-4.0
identifier: Ethiopia_SM_10
creator: Sana Mirza
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1800-01-01/1899-12-30
spatial: Exact
location created: Ethiopia, Harari region, Harar
production place note: The place of production is an attribution based on stylistic analysis
location: Institute of Ethiopian Studies, University College of Addis Ababa
page: https://www.vhmml.org/readingRoom/view/527345
language: Arabic
alternative: Qur'an
text type: Quran
script: Naskhī regional variant
colorscript: black
colorscript: red
colorscript: green
note: Institute of Ethiopian Studies, accession number: IES 277
note: This entry is for only the Qur'anic text and not the paratextual materials in the manuscript.
object type: manuscript\codex
medium: paper\type of paper\European paper
size: 34.5 x 25 x 6 cm
ruling: 15 lines per page
technique: written
ink: carbon-based ink (midād)
ink: red ink
bibliographic citation: Gori, Alessandro, Regourd, Anne, Delamarter, Steve and Berhane, Demeke. A Handlist of the Manuscripts in the Institute of Ethiopian Studies. Volume Two: The Arabic Materials of the Ethiopian Islamic Tradition. 2014.
bibliographic citation: Mirza, Sana. “The Visual Resonances of a Harari Qur’ān: An 18th Century Ethiopian Manuscript and Its Indian Ocean Connections.” Afriques, no. 8 (2017). https://journals.openedition.org/afriques/2052
internalstructure: linear
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
point: inclined partial square
point: round dot
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
alifascenders: alif - slight top serif
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
kafascenders: initial, medial and final compact form (mashkūlah)
kafascenders: initial medial and final elongated (mabsūṭah)
kafascenders: sword-like top arm
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft no serif
wawdescenders: wāw - short curvilinear tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - long curvilinear tail ending in hairline
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
mimdescenders: short diagonal to left
mimdescenders: mīm - vertical downstroke
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - elongated curvilinear flattened bowl
nundescenders: deep bowl
nundescenders: shallow bowl
jimdescenders: backward tail
jimdescenders: closing upward
yadescenders: backward horizontal stroke
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - short curvilinear flattened bowl
sinshindenticles: short pointed denticles
badenticles: initial perpendicular to baseline
badenticles: medial short pointed denticles
badenticles: extended bā' Basmalah with serif
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
hacounters: initial / medial double-eyed top and bottom (mulawwazah)
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) inclined to left
hacounters: isolated one-eyed triangular (murabba'ah)

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title: Codex, Harar, 1854, Naskhi
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license: CC BY-SA-4.0
identifier: Ethiopia_SM_11
creator: Sana Mirza
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: Jumādā al-thānī 1270
created: 1854-03-01/1854-03-30
spatial: Exact
location created: Ethiopia, Harari region, Harar
production place note: The place of production is an attribution based on stylistic analysis
location: Sherif Harar City Museum, Harar, Ethiopia
language: Arabic
alternative: Qur'an
text type: Quran
script: Naskhī regional variant
colorscript: black
colorscript: red
note: Qur'an, copied Jumādā al-thānī 1270/ March 1854, 32 x 22 cm, Sherif Harar Museum
note: This entry is for only the Qur'anic text and not the paratextual materials in the manuscript.
object type: manuscript\codex
medium: paper\type of paper\European paper
size: 32 x 22 cm
ruling: 17 lines per page
technique: written
ink: carbon-based ink (midād)
ink: red ink
internalstructure: linear
characterspacing: irregular spaces between characters
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
point: inclined partial square
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
kafascenders: Initial /medial compact form diagonal body
kafascenders: no top arm and superscript kāf
kafascenders: top arm short diagonal stroke
kafascenders: vertical shaft with top arm (sarkaj)
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft no serif
wawdescenders: wāw - long curvilinear tail
wawdescenders: wāw - short curvilinear tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - long curvilinear tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - short curvilinear tail
mimdescenders: mīm - vertical downstroke
nundescenders: wide bowl
nundescenders: deep bowl left open
jimdescenders: backward tail
jimdescenders: opening downwards
yadescenders: backward horizontal stroke
bahorizontals: short bowl
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - short curvilinear flattened bowl
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: initial slightly inclined to left
badenticles: medial short rounded denticles
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
hacounters: initial / medial double-eyed top and bottom (mulawwazah)

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title: Codex, Harar, 1749, Naskhi
created: 2025-12-15T16:06:51+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:15+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA-4.0
identifier: Ethiopia_SM_12
creator: Sana Mirza
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: Shawwāl 1162
created: 1749-09-01/1749-10-31
spatial: Exact
location created: Ethiopia, Harari region, Harar
production place note: The place of production is an attribution based on stylistic analysis
location: The Khalili Collection, Oxford
language: Arabic
alternative: Qur'an
text type: Quran
script: Naskhī regional variant
colorscript: black
colorscript: red
artist: Hajji Saʿd ibn Adish ʿUmar Dīn al-marhūm
signaturerole: calligrapher
note: Qur'an, copied by Hajji Saʿd ibn Adish ʿUmar Dīn al-marhūm in Shawwal 1162/September-October 1749, Harar, 24.5 x 13.5 cm. Khalili Collection, QUR 706
object type: manuscript\codex
medium: paper\type of paper\European paper
size: 24.5 x 13.5 cm
ruling: 15 lines per page
technique: written
ink: carbon-based ink (midād)
ink: red ink
bibliographic citation: Mirza, Sana. “The Visual Resonances of a Harari Qur’ān: An 18th Century Ethiopian Manuscript and Its Indian Ocean Connections.” Afriques, no. 8 (2017). https://journals.openedition.org/afriques/2052
bibliographic citation: Stanley, Tim. “A Qur’an Once in Zanzibar. Connections between India, Arabia and the Swahili Coast.” In The Decorated Word. Qur’ans of the 17th to 19th Centuries, edited by Manijeh Bayani and Anna Contadini, vol. 1. The Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art, IV. The Nour Foundation in association with Azimuth Editions and Oxford University Press, 1999.
bibliographic citation: Blair, Sheila S. Islamic Calligraphy. Edinburgh University Press, 2006.
internalstructure: linear
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
point: inclined partial square
point: round dot
alifascenders: alif - slight top serif
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
kafascenders: initial medial and final elongated (mabsūṭah)
tazaascenders: rounded swollen body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft no serif
wawdescenders: wāw - short curvilinear tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - short curvilinear tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
mimdescenders: mīm - short curvilinear hairline tail
mimdescenders: mīm - vertical downstroke
nundescenders: deep bowl left open
nundescenders: deep bowl
nundescenders: flattened bowl
nundescenders: final straight horizontal bowl
nundescenders: straight horizontal open bowl
jimdescenders: backward tail
jimdescenders: opening horizontal
yadescenders: backward horizontal stroke
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - short curvilinear flattened bowl
sinshindenticles: short pointed denticles
badenticles: initial perpendicular to baseline
badenticles: medial short pointed denticles
badenticles: extended bā' Basmalah with serif
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)

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title: Codex, Siyu(?), 1829, Naskh with Thuluth elements
created: 2025-12-15T16:06:51+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Kenya_ZH_01
creator: Zulfikar Hirji
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: Shawwāl 1244 H.
created: 1829-04
spatial: Exact
location created: Kenya, Lamu Archipelago, Pate Island, Siyu (?)
location: Private Collection of James C. Armstrong, Ipswich, MA (USA)
language: Arabic
text type: Quran
colorscript: black
colorscript: red
colorscript: white
artist: Ahmed b. Mahani b. Quraysh b. ʿAlī b. Shaykh Ibn Aḥmad
signaturerole: copyist
note: The second volume of a two-volume Qur’an, beginning with Sūrat Maryam (Q. 19. Approx. 280 pages.
object type: manuscript\codex
size: 21.5 x 15.5 cm
ruling: 10 lines
technique: written
scope note: Leather binding - blind-embossed/punched. Possibly rebound.
bibliographic citation: Hirji, Zulfikar. “A Corpus of Illuminated Qurʾāns from Coastal East Africa.” Journal of Islamic Manuscripts 14, nos. 2–4 (2023): 356–95.
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: occasional
elongatedletters: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā’, lām and qāf bowl
elongatedletters: medial ligatures
lengthofelongation: varied length of elongations
ligature: Abusive - rā’ and tāʾ marbūṭa
ligature: Abusive - wāw and hā' / tāʾ marbūṭa
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
kafascenders: initial medial and final elongated (mabsūṭah)
kafascenders: Initial /medial compact form diagonal body
kafascenders: top arm with final hook
kafascenders: Initial, medial and final shaft slightly inclined to left
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft no serif
wawdescenders: wāw - short almost horizontal tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - short almost horizontal tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
mimdescenders: mīm - vertical downstroke
mimdescenders: mīm - long curvilinear tail
nundescenders: elongated curvilinear deep bowl
nundescenders: deep bowl
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - crescent bowl
jimdescenders: backward tail
jimdescenders: opening horizontal
yadescenders: backward horizontal stroke
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - elongated curvilinear flattened bowl
bahorizontals: short bowl
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: initial perpendicular to baseline
badenticles: medial short rounded denticles
badenticles: leftward stroke with short hook
hacounters: isolated one-eyed round (mu'arrāh)
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
hacounters: medial v-shape with bottom closed loop towards the right
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) inclined to left
hacounters: final s-shaped (muḥdawdibah)
facounters: soft triangular head closed eye

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title: Codex, Pate Island(?), undated, Naskh with Thuluth elements
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Kenya_ZH_02
creator: Zulfikar Hirji
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: undated
spatial: Exact
location created: Kenya, Lamu Archipelago, Pate Island (?)
location: Collection of the Ministry of Endowments and Religious Affairs, Sultanate of Oman, Muscat (Oman). Ms. 108
language: Arabic
text type: Quran
colorscript: black
colorscript: red
colorscript: white
note: Second volume of a two-volume Qur'an: al-Ḥamd to al-Anʿām (Q. 1–6)
object type: manuscript\codex
size: 21 x 15 cm
ruling: 12 lines
technique: written
scope note: Restored.
bibliographic citation: Unpublished
lineofwriting: broken
groupsofcharactersbaseline: partial stacking of characters
characterspacing: irregular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: frequent
elongatedletters: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā’, lām and qāf bowl
elongatedletters: medial ligatures
lengthofelongation: varied length of elongations
ligature: Abusive - rā’ and tāʾ marbūṭa
ligature: Abusive - wāw and tāʾ marbūṭa
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - inclined to left
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
kafascenders: initial medial and final elongated (mabsūṭah)
kafascenders: top arm with serif
kafascenders: medial, initial vertical shaft
kafascenders: final vertical shaft
kafascenders: top flat arm
kafascenders: final vertical shaft with top arm (sarkaj)
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft no serif
wawdescenders: wāw - short curvilinear tail
wawdescenders: wāw - angular horizontal tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - short curvilinear tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
mimdescenders: mīm - long flattened, tapered tail
mimdescenders: mīm - vertical downstroke
nundescenders: elongated curvilinear deep bowl
nundescenders: deep bowl
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - crescent bowl
jimdescenders: semicircular backward tail
jimdescenders: opening horizontal
yadescenders: backward horizontal stroke below baseline
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - elongated curvilinear flattened bowl
sinshindenticles: short pointed denticles
badenticles: initial perpendicular to baseline
badenticles: initial short pointed denticles
hacounters: isolated one-eyed triangular (murabba'ah)
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
hacounters: initial / medial double-eyed top and bottom (mulawwazah)
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) inclined to left
hacounters: final s-shaped (muḥdawdibah)

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title: Codex, Faza, 1829, Naskh with Thuluth elements
created: 2025-12-15T16:06:52+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Kenya_ZH_03
creator: Zulfikar Hirji
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 2 Muharram, 1245 H.
created: 1829-07-04
spatial: Exact
location created: Kenya, Lamu Archipelago, Pate Island, Faza
location: Collection of Imam Al Din Al-Salimi Library, Bidiya (Oman). Ms. AS:008.
page: https://www.loc.gov/item/2021667312/
language: Arabic
text type: Quran
colorscript: black
colorscript: red
colorscript: white
colorscript: yellow
colorscript: green
artist: Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Karīm b. al-Qāḍī ʿUmar b. al-QāḍīMūsa b. Maḥmūd b. Mūsā b. Aḥmad b.Mūsā b. Aḥmad b. Mūsā b. Awṣa[?] b. Mūsā b. Awṣa[?] b. Mūsā b. Muḥammad b. Mūsā b. Akīl b. Aḥmad b. Muʿallim b. ʿAlī al-Nawfalī
signaturerole: copyist
note: Volume one of a four-volume Quran: al-Ḥamd to al-Anʿām (Q. 1–6)
object type: manuscript\codex
size: 31 x 21 cm
ruling: 9 lines
technique: written
scope note: Restored.
bibliographic citation: Hirji, Zulfikar. “A Corpus of Illuminated Qurʾāns from Coastal East Africa.” Journal of Islamic Manuscripts 14, nos. 2–4 (2023): 356–95.
bibliographic citation: Hirji, Zulfikar A. “The Faza Qur’an: Three Nineteenth-Century Illuminated Manuscripts from Coastal East Africa.” Journal of Qur’anic Studies 24, no. 2 (2022): 21–47.
groupsofcharactersbaseline: partial stacking of characters
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: frequent
elongatedletters: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā’, lām and qāf bowl
elongatedletters: medial ligatures
lengthofelongation: varied length of elongations
ligature: Abusive - rā' and hā' / tāʾ marbūṭa
ligature: Abusive - wāw and hā' / tāʾ marbūṭa
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: short stroke at an angle
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
alifascenders: alif - top right elongated serif
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - top right elongated serif
kafascenders: initial medial and final elongated (mabsūṭah)
kafascenders: top arm with serif
kafascenders: Initial, medial and final shaft slightly inclined to left
kafascenders: final vertical shaft with top arm (sarkaj)
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft with serif
wawdescenders: wāw - short curvilinear tail

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title: Codex, Faza, 1829-1831, Naskh with Thuluth elements
created: 2025-12-15T16:06:52+00:00
modified: 2026-06-23T10:03:02+00:00
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rights holder: CallFront
license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Kenya_ZH_04
creator: Zulfikar Hirji
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1245 – 1247 H.
created: 1829/1831
spatial: Exact
location created: Kenya, Lamu Archipelago, Pate Island, Faza
location: Collection of the Ministry of Culture and Heritage, Muscat (Oman). Ms. 2220.
language: Arabic
text type: Quran
colorscript: black
colorscript: red
colorscript: white
colorscript: yellow
colorscript: green
artist: unsigned. A cartouch containing the woner's name:ʿAbd al-Karīm b. ʿUmar. Likely copied by Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Karīm b. al-Qāḍī ʿUmar al-Nawfalī
note: Volume four of a four-volume Quran: Yā Sīn - al-Nās (Q. 36-114).
object type: manuscript\codex
size: 31 cm x 21 cm
ruling: 9 lines
technique: written
scope note: Restored.
bibliographic citation: Hirji, Zulfikar. “A Corpus of Illuminated Qurʾāns from Coastal East Africa.” Journal of Islamic Manuscripts 14, nos. 2–4 (2023): 356–95.
bibliographic citation: Hirji, Zulfikar A. “The Faza Qur’an: Three Nineteenth-Century Illuminated Manuscripts from Coastal East Africa.” Journal of Qur’anic Studies 24, no. 2 (2022): 21–47.
groupsofcharactersbaseline: partial stacking of characters
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: frequent
elongatedletters: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā’, lām and qāf bowl
elongatedletters: bā’/fā’ bowl
elongatedletters: tā bowl
elongatedletters: medial ligatures
lengthofelongation: varied length of elongations
ligature: Abusive - rā' and hā' / tāʾ marbūṭa
ligature: Abusive - wāw and hā' / tāʾ marbūṭa
ligature: Abusive - ‘alif and dāl
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: short stroke at an angle
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
kafascenders: Initial, medial and final shaft slightly inclined to left
kafascenders: final vertical shaft with top arm (sarkaj)
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft with serif
wawdescenders: wāw - long curvilinear tail ending in hairline
wawdescenders: wide rounded tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - long curvilinear tail ending in hairline
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
mimdescenders: mīm - vertical downstroke
mimdescenders: mīm - long flattened, tapered tail
nundescenders: elongated curvilinear deep bowl
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - crescent bowl
jimdescenders: semicircular backward tail
jimdescenders: opening horizontal
yadescenders: backward horizontal stroke below baseline
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - elongated curvilinear flattened bowl
sinshindenticles: short pointed denticles
badenticles: initial slightly inclined to left
badenticles: medial short pointed denticles
hacounters: isolated one-eyed round (mu'arrāh)
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
hacounters: initial / medial double-eyed top and bottom (mulawwazah)

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title: Codex, Pate Island (?), undated, Naskh with Thuluth elements
created: 2025-12-15T16:06:52+00:00
modified: 2026-06-22T14:28:31+00:00
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rights holder: CallFront
license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Kenya_ZH_05
creator: Zulfikar Hirji
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1163 – 1267 H.
created: 1749/1850
spatial: Exact
location created: Kenya, Lamu Archipelago, Pate Island (?)
location: Fowler Museum, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Ms. FMCH90.1840AB
language: Arabic
text type: Quran
colorscript: black
colorscript: red
colorscript: white
colorscript: yellow
note: Single volume. Complete Quran with supplementary sections containing prayers.
object type: manuscript\codex
size: 26.42 x 20.66 cm
ruling: 13 lines
technique: written
scope note: Leather binding - blind-embossed/punched. Possibly original. Restored.
bibliographic citation: Hirji, Zulfikar. “‘A Qur’an Manuscript from Coastal East Africa.” Smarthistory, 2023. https://smarthistory.org/quran-manuscript-coastal-east-africa/.
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: occasional
elongatedletters: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā’, lām and qāf bowl
lengthofelongation: varied length of elongations
ligature: Abusive - rā' and hā' / tāʾ marbūṭa
ligature: Abusive - wāw and hā' / tāʾ marbūṭa
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined partial square
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
kafascenders: initial medial and final elongated (mabsūṭah)
kafascenders: medial, initial vertical shaft
kafascenders: top arm with final hook
kafascenders: Initial /medial compact form diagonal body
kafascenders: final vertical shaft with top arm (sarkaj)
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft no serif
wawdescenders: wāw - long curvilinear tail
wawdescenders: wāw - long flattened, tapered tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - long curvilinear tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - long flattened, tapered tail
mimdescenders: mīm - vertical downstroke
nundescenders: elongated curvilinear deep bowl
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - crescent bowl
jimdescenders: semicircular backward tail

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title: Codex, Siyu (?), undated, Naskh with Thuluth elements
created: 2025-12-15T16:06:52+00:00
modified: 2026-06-22T14:27:47+00:00
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rights holder: CallFront
license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Kenya_ZH_06
creator: Zulfikar Hirji
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1163 – 1267 H.
created: 1749/1850
spatial: Exact
location created: Kenya, Lamu Archipelago, Pate Island, Siyu (?)
location: Collection of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, London (UK). RAS Arabic 12A
language: Arabic
text type: Quran
colorscript: black
colorscript: red
colorscript: white
artist: Khatīb b. Abd al-Rahmān al-Siwī
signaturerole: copyist
note: Volume two of a two-volume Quran: (Q. 19-114)
object type: manuscript\codex
size: 30.48 x 20.57 cm
ruling: 15 lines
technique: written
scope note: Leather binding - blind-embossed/punched. Possibly original.
bibliographic citation: Digby, Simon. “A Qurʾan from the East African Coast.” Art and Archaeology Research Papers, no. 7 (1975).
bibliographic citation: Hirji, Zulfikar. “The Siyu Qur’ans: Three Illuminated Qur’an Manuscripts from Coastal East Africa.” In Approaches to the Qur’an in Sub-Saharan Africa, edited by Zulfikar Hirji. Qur’anic Studies Series 19. Oxford University Press ; The Institute of Ismaili Studies, 2019.
bibliographic citation: Hirji, Zulfikar. “A Corpus of Illuminated Qurʾāns from Coastal East Africa.” Journal of Islamic Manuscripts 14, nos. 2–4 (2023): 356–95.
lineofwriting: broken
groupsofcharactersbaseline: partial stacking of characters
characterspacing: irregular spaces between characters
characterspacing: superscription at end of line
presenceofelongation: occasional
elongatedletters: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā’, lām and qāf bowl
lengthofelongation: varied length of elongations
ligature: Abusive - wāw and hā' / tāʾ marbūṭa
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
alifascenders: alif - top right elongated serif
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
kafascenders: initial medial and final elongated (mabsūṭah)
kafascenders: top arm with serif
kafascenders: final vertical shaft with top arm (sarkaj)
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft no serif
wawdescenders: wāw - long curvilinear tail ending in hairline
wawdescenders: wide rounded tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - long curvilinear tail ending in hairline
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
mimdescenders: mīm - long flattened, tapered tail
mimdescenders: mīm - vertical downstroke

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title: Codex, Siyu (?), undated, Naskh with Thuluth elements
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identifier: Kenya_ZH_07
creator: Zulfikar Hirji
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1163 – 1267 H.
created: 1749/1850
spatial: Exact
location created: Kenya, Lamu Archipelago, Pate Island, Siyu (?)
location: Private Collection of the Al-Hinawy Family, Muscat (Oman) on permanent loan to the Ministry of Culture and Heritage, Sultanate of Oman, Muscat (Oman).
language: Arabic
text type: Quran
colorscript: black
colorscript: red
colorscript: white
artist: Khatīb b. Abd al-Rahmān al-Siwī
signaturerole: copyist
note: Volume one of a two-volume Quran: (Q. 1-18)
object type: manuscript\codex
size: 21.99 x 16.00 cm
ruling: 13 lines
technique: written
scope note: Restored.
bibliographic citation: Hirji, Zulfikar. “The Siyu Qur’ans: Three Illuminated Qur’an Manuscripts from Coastal East Africa.” In Approaches to the Qur’an in Sub-Saharan Africa, edited by Zulfikar Hirji. Qur’anic Studies Series 19. Oxford University Press ; The Institute of Ismaili Studies, 2019.
bibliographic citation: Hirji, Zulfikar. “A Corpus of Illuminated Qurʾāns from Coastal East Africa.” Journal of Islamic Manuscripts 14, nos. 2–4 (2023): 356–95.
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characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
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ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
point: inclined partial square
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
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lamascenders: lām - non serifed
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yadescenders: backward horizontal stroke below baseline
yadescenders: backward horizontal stroke
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title: Codex, Siyu (?), undated, Naskh with Thuluth elements
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identifier: Kenya_ZH_08
creator: Zulfikar Hirji
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1163 – 1267 H.
created: 1749/1850
spatial: Exact
location created: Kenya, Lamu Archipelago, Pate Island, Siyu (?)
location: Private Collection of Abubakr Banchuoni, Siyu (Kenya)
language: Arabic
text type: Quran
colorscript: black
colorscript: red
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artist: unsigned - attributed to Khatīb b. Abd al-Rahmān al-Siwī
signaturerole: copyist
note: Single volume. Complete Quran with supplementary sections containing prayers.
object type: manuscript\codex
size: 14 x 23 cm (?)
ruling: 22 lines
technique: written
scope note: Restored.
bibliographic citation: Unpublished
characterspacing: irregular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: occasional
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title: Codex, Pate Island (?), undated, Naskh with Thuluth elements
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identifier: Kenya_ZH_09
creator: Zulfikar Hirji
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1163 – 1267 H.
created: 1749/1850
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location created: Kenya, Lamu Archipelago, Pate Island (?)
location: Private Collection of Swadiqi Abdulrahman Mohammad, Siyu (Kenya)
language: Arabic
text type: Quran
colorscript: black
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note: Incomplete (Q1-18)
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bibliographic citation: Unpublished
groupsofcharactersbaseline: partial stacking of characters
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jimdescenders: backward tail
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title: Codex, Pate Island (?), undated, Naskh with Thuluth elements
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identifier: Kenya_ZH_10
creator: Zulfikar Hirji
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created: 1163 – 1267 H.
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location created: Kenya, Lamu Archipelago, Pate Island, Siyu (?)
location: Private Collection of Swadiqi Abdulrahman Mohammad, Siyu (Kenya)
language: Arabic
text type: Quran
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colorscript: white
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artist: Khatīb b. Abd al-Rahmān al-Siwī
note: Single volume. Complete Quran with supplementary sections containing prayers.
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ruling: 22 lines
technique: written
bibliographic citation: Unpublished
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: occasional
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title: Lintel, Casa del Conde, Toledo, 15th century, hybrid
created: 2025-12-15T16:45:37+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:16+00:00
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identifier: Spain_JM_01
creator: Julie Marquer
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created: 1401/1500
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location created: Spain, Toledo, Casa del Conde Esteban
production place note: Inscription from a building known as Casa del Conde Esteban
location: Plaza del Consistorio, 3, Toledo
language: Aljamiado
text type: Devotional text
natureoftext: Other
text: Invocation to the Virgin Mary
script: Hybrid Style
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shape: rectangular
size: 247 x 49 cm
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bibliographic citation: Amador de los Ríos, Rodrigo. “La Casa Del Conde Esteban de Toledo.” Boletín de La Sociedad Española de Excursiones 35 (1896): 205–12.
bibliographic citation: Marquer, Julie. “Jesús y María Entre El Islam y El Cristianismo En Las Inscripciones Árabes de La Casa Del Conde de Toledo.” Al-Qanṭara 43, no. 1 (2022).
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title: Arch, Casa del Conde Toledo, 15th century, Epigraphic Round Script
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created: 1401/1500
spatial: Exact
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production place note: Inscription from a building known as Casa del Conde Esteban
location: Plaza del Consistorio, 3, Toledo
language: Arabic
text type: Devotional text
natureoftext: Other
text: Jesus son of holy Mary
script: Epigraphic Round Script
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shape: band
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bibliographic citation: Amador de los Ríos, Rodrigo. “La Casa Del Conde Esteban de Toledo.” Boletín de La Sociedad Española de Excursiones 35 (1896): 205–12.
bibliographic citation: Marquer, Julie. “Jesús y María Entre El Islam y El Cristianismo En Las Inscripciones Árabes de La Casa Del Conde de Toledo.” Al-Qanṭara 43, no. 1 (2022).
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title: Arch, San Roman Church, Toledo, 13th century, Epigraphic Round Script
created: 2025-12-15T16:45:38+00:00
modified: 2026-06-17T07:44:26+00:00
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identifier: Spain_JM_03
creator: Julie Marquer
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1201/1250
spatial: Exact
location created: Spain, Toledo, San Roman Church
location: San Roman church, Toledo, calle San Roman, s/n, alfiz of a window, western wall
language: Arabic
text type: Talisman
natureoftext: Du‘ā’
text: Good fortune and prosperity
script: Epigraphic Round Script
colorscript: white
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shape: rectangular
size: 120 x 20 cm / 80 x 20 cm
layout: a writing line along the alfiz
technique: painted
instrument: brush
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bibliographic citation: Marquer, Julie. “A Methodological Approach to the Study of Arabic Inscriptions in Castilian-Aragonese Kingdoms.” Histories 2, no. 2 (2022): 157–69.
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internalstructure: stacked
internalstructure: partially interwoven
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: absent
shading: medium contrast
point: round dot
alifascenders: alif - shaft tapers from thick to thin
alifascenders: alif - half-palmette serif
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - shaft tapers from thick to thin
wawdescenders: wāw - crescent tail
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - short curvilinear flattened bowl
badenticles: medial short pointed denticles
facounters: rounded head
facounters: soft triangular head needle point eye
mimcounters: circular head
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title: Wall, Alcazar of Seville, 14th century, Kufic
created: 2025-12-15T16:45:38+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:16+00:00
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rights holder: CallFront
license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Spain_JM_04
creator: Julie Marquer
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1356/1366
spatial: Exact
location created: Spain, Seville, Alcazar of Seville
location: Alcazar of Seville, Plaza del patio de Banderas, s/n, Casco Antiguo, 41004 Seville, patio de las Doncellas
language: Arabic
text type: Titulature
text: Glory to our lord the sultan Don Pedro
script: Kūfī/Kufic
colorscript: white
object type: architectural element\panel
medium: stone\type of stone\stucco
shape: rectangular
layout: a single writing line in the cartouche
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
scope note: the same inscription can be found in various parts of the palace
bibliographic citation: Cano Ávila, Pedro. “Estudio Epigráﬁco-Histórico de Las Inscripciones Árabes de Los Portalones y Ventanas Del Patio de Las Doncellas Del Palacio de Pedro I En El Real Alcázar de Sevilla.” Apuntes Del Alcázar de Sevilla, no. 5 (2004): 52–79.
bibliographic citation: Marquer, Julie. “Epigrafía y poder: el uso de las inscripciones árabes en el proyecto propagandístico de Pedro I de Castilla (1350-1369).” e-Spania. Revue interdisciplinaire d’études hispaniques médiévales et modernes, no. 13 (2012).
bibliographic citation: Marquer, Julie. “El Poder Escrito: Problemáticas y Significación de Las Inscripciones Árabes de Los Palacios de Pedro I de Castilla (1350-1369).” Anales de Historia Del Arte 23, no. 0 (2013): 499–508.
scriptshape: rectangular
internalstructure: linear
internalstructure: partially interwoven
presenceofelongation: absent
ligature: Conventional - straight
shading: non-nuanced strokes
alifascenders: alif - elongated vertical shaft
lamascenders: lām - elongated vertical shaft
wawdescenders: wāw -angular horizontal tail ending in split palmette
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - angular horizontal tail ending in split palmette
nundescenders: stylized cloud bowl
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) triangular
facounters: gabled head
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title: Manuscript, Beijing, c. 18-19th century, Sīnī
created: 2025-12-15T17:32:50+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:16+00:00
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rights holder: CallFront
license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_SJ_01
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1701/1900
spatial: Exact
location created: China, Beijing, probably in a mosque
production place note: probably in a mosque
location: Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris
page: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10030970w
language: Arabic
text type: Other
text: Alphabet
script: Sīnī
colorscript: black
note: BnF Arabe 5957
object type: manuscript\loose-leaf
medium: paper\type of paper\oriental paper
layout: 7 lines
technique: written
instrument: brush
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined partial square
alifascenders: alif -inclined to left
alifascenders: alif - bevelled head
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - long flattened, tapered tail
nundescenders: deep bowl
nundescenders: deep bowl extending upward over baseline
jimdescenders: opening horizontal
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles with first denticle extended
fathakasravocalization: oblique stroke (10°-35°)
dammavocalization: flat stroke with downward spur
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title: Manuscript, Gansu, c. 18-19th century, Naskhī
created: 2025-12-15T17:32:51+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:16+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_SJ_02
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1701/1900
spatial: Approximate
location created: China, Gansu province
location: Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris
page: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b525019579
language: Persian
alternative: Miʿrāğ-i Muḥammadî
text type: Devotional text
text: stories on the Prophet (Booklets intended for the training of Chinese imam)
script: Naskhī/naskh
colorscript: black
note: BnF Supplément persan 2065
object type: manuscript\codex
medium: paper\type of paper\oriental paper
size: 22.5 x 17 cm
technique: written
scope note: 47 f. ; Paper with content in Chinese. White cloth binding,
lineofwriting: Line of writing - horizontal
groupsofcharactersbaseline: oblique
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: occasional
elongatedletters: final bā’/ṭā' /fā’ bowl
ligature: Abusive - rā’ and hā'
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - vertical
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
kafascenders: Initial, medial and final shaft slightly inclined to left
kafascenders: sword-like top arm
kafascenders: final Kāf
kafascenders: isolated Kāf
kafascenders: vertical shaft with top arm (sarkaj)
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft no serif
wawdescenders: wāw - diagonal tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - diagonal tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
mimdescenders: concave downstroke
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - elongated curvilinear flattened bowl
jimdescenders: semicircular backward tail
jimdescenders: opening horizontal
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - elongated curvilinear flattened bowl
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
sinshindenticles: short pointed denticles
sinshindenticles: hanging curvilinear line
badenticles: initial perpendicular to baseline
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
hacounters: isolated one-eyed round (mu'arrāh)
facounters: rounded head closed eye
medialaincounters: compact inverted triangle / open or closed eye
mimcounters: rounded head
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title: Manuscript, Gansu, c. 18-19th century, Naskhī
created: 2025-12-15T17:32:51+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:16+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_SJ_03
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1701/1900
spatial: Approximate
location created: China, Gansu province
location: Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris
page: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b525020001
language: Persian
alternative: Rawḍat al-muṣallā
text type: Devotional text
script: Naskhī/naskh
colorscript: black
note: BnF Supplément persan 2064
object type: manuscript\codex
medium: paper\type of paper\oriental paper
size: 23.2 x 14 cm
technique: written
scope note: 55 f. ; Paper with content in Chinese. White cloth binding,
groupsofcharactersbaseline: partial stacking of characters
characterspacing: irregular spaces between groups of words
characterspacing: superscription at end of line
presenceofelongation: frequent
elongatedletters: bā’/fā’ bowl
elongatedletters: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā’, lām and qāf bowl
ligature: Abusive - ‘alif and dāl
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - top right serif
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - top right serif
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
kafascenders: vertical shaft with top arm (sarkaj)
kafascenders: sword-like top arm
kafascenders: top arm with final loop
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft no serif
wawdescenders: wāw - short curvilinear tail
razadescenders: convex short curvilinear tail
mimdescenders: mīm - vertical downstroke
nundescenders: Short bowl on baseline
nundescenders: elongated curvilinear deep bowl
nundescenders: deep bowl looping inwards
jimdescenders: semicircular backward tail
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - elongated curvilinear flattened bowl
bahorizontals: short bowl
sinshindenticles: short rounded denticles
badenticles: initial slightly inclined to left
badenticles: medial short rounded denticles
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
hacounters: isolated one-eyed round (mu'arrāh)
facounters: rounded head
facounters: open/closed eye
mimcounters: circular head
additionalcharacteristics: certain ascenders or descenders are extended into a loop causing a mirror effect between the top line and the bottom line
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title: Manuscript, Gansu, c. 18-19th century, Naskhī
created: 2025-12-15T17:32:51+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:16+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_SJ_04
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1701/1900
spatial: Approximate
location created: China, Gansu province
location: Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris
page: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b52502006q
language: Persian
alternative: Ḥaqā'iq
text type: Devotional text
text: Islamic rituals
script: Naskhī/naskh
colorscript: black
note: BnF Supplément pers. 2066
object type: manuscript\codex
medium: paper\type of paper\oriental paper
size: 26.8 x 18.5 cm
technique: written
scope note: 113 f. ; Paper with content in Chinese, Yellow leather binding.
lineofwriting: Line of writing - horizontal
groupsofcharactersbaseline: Groups of characters baseline - horizontal
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: absent
shading: non-nuanced strokes
point: round dot
alifascenders: alif - vertical
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
kafascenders: medial, initial vertical shaft
kafascenders: sword-like top arm
kafascenders: rectangular body
kafascenders: top arm short diagonal stroke
tazaascenders: rounded swollen body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft no serif
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - long flattened, tapered tail
mimdescenders: convex downstroke
mimdescenders: straight diagonal to left
nundescenders: wide deep bowl
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
jimdescenders: backward narrow tail
bahorizontals: short bowl
sinshindenticles: short rounded denticles
badenticles: medial short rounded denticles
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) rounded
medialaincounters: compact inverted triangle / open or closed eye
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title: Manuscript, Gansu, c. 18-19th century, Naskhī
created: 2025-12-15T17:32:51+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:16+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_SJ_05
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1701/1900
spatial: Approximate
location created: China, Gansu province
location: Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris
page: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b52501996h
language: Persian
alternative: Marṣad al-ʿibād
text type: Devotional text
text: A treatise on Sufism
script: Naskhī/naskh
colorscript: black
note: BnF Supplément pers. 2071
object type: manuscript\codex
medium: paper\type of paper\oriental paper
size: 30.3 x 20.4 cm
technique: written
scope note: 216 f.
lineofwriting: Line of writing - horizontal
groupsofcharactersbaseline: oblique
characterspacing: irregular spaces between groups of words
presenceofelongation: rare
elongatedletters: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā’, lām and qāf bowl
shading: non-nuanced strokes
point: round dot
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif -inclined to left
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - inclined to left
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
kafascenders: Initial, medial and final shaft slightly inclined to left
kafascenders: top arm with final hook
tazaascenders: rounded swollen body
tazaascenders: shaft inclined to left with serif
wawdescenders: wāw - long diagonal tail
razadescenders: short curvilinear convex stroke
mimdescenders: convex downstroke
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - elongated curvilinear flattened bowl
jimdescenders: backward tail
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - short curvilinear flattened bowl
sinshindenticles: short pointed denticles
badenticles: initial very low, inclined to right
hacounters: initial / medial two consecutive closed loops
facounters: rounded head closed eye
medialaincounters: wide inverted triangle
mimcounters: circular head closed eye
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title: Manuscript, China, 1363, Naskhī
created: 2025-12-15T17:32:51+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:16+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_SJ_06
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 764 H.
created: 1363
spatial: Approximate
location created: China
location: Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris
page: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10031020r
language: Arabic
text type: Scientific literature
text: astronomical handbook by the Samarkandi astronomer Khwaja Ghazi al-Sanjufini. Called the Sanjufini Zij. Compiled in 1363 and dedicated to his Mongolian patron Prince Radna who was the Viceroy of Tibet stationed in Hezhou in Gansu Province. Prince Radna was a descendant of Kublai Khan who was interested in Islamic astronomy like Kublai Khan and Hulagu Khan. The handbook is notable for having Middle Mongolian glosses written in vertical Mongolian script in its margins.
script: Naskhī/naskh
colorscript: black
artist: Abou Mohammad ʿAta ibn Ahmad ibn Mohammad ibn Khvadja Ghazi al-Samarkandi al-Shifini
signaturerole: calligrapher
note: BnF arabe 6040
object type: manuscript\codex
medium: paper\type of paper\oriental paper
size: 19 × 13 cm
technique: written
scope note: 58 f.
lineofwriting: undulating
groupsofcharactersbaseline: oblique
characterspacing: irregular spaces between groups of words
presenceofelongation: rare
elongatedletters: sād/ḍād, ṭa/ẓa body
ligature: Abusive - ‘alif and lām
ligature: Conventional - V shaped
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - inclined to left
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
kafascenders: Initial /medial compact form diagonal body
kafascenders: sword-like top arm
tazaascenders: rounded swollen body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft inclined to left
wawdescenders: wāw - short curvilinear tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - short curvilinear tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
mimdescenders: long flat curvilinear tail
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - plunging bowl
jimdescenders: backward tail
jimdescenders: opening horizontal
jimdescenders: closed looped tail
yadescenders: short backward horizontal stroke
sinshindenticles: medial zig-zag denticles
badenticles: initial very low, inclined to right
hacounters: final s-shaped (muḥdawdibah)
mimcounters: rounded head pointed chin, closed eye
additionalcharacteristics: Not using dots in the writing
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title: Manuscript, Xinjiang, c. 18-19th century, Naskhī
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_SJ_07
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1701/1900
spatial: Approximate
location created: China, Xinjiang region
location: Berlin State Library - Prussian Cultural Heritage
page: https://orient-kohd.dl.uni-leipzig.de/receive/KOHDPersianMSBook_manuscript_00000222
language: Arabic
text type: Devotional text
text: Quran and Hadith
script: Naskhī/naskh
colorscript: black
colorscript: red
note: Ms. Or. Oct. 1578
object type: manuscript\codex
medium: paper\type of paper\oriental paper
size: 18 x 22 cm
technique: written
scope note: 20 f. ; black cloth binding
lineofwriting: broken
groupsofcharactersbaseline: Groups of characters baseline - horizontal
groupsofcharactersbaseline: partial stacking of characters
characterspacing: irregular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: frequent
elongatedletters: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā’, lām and qāf bowl
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
ligature: Conventional - horizontal
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - vertical
alifascenders: alif - top right serif
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - top right serif
kafascenders: initial medial and final elongated (mabsūṭah)
kafascenders: medial, initial vertical shaft
kafascenders: top arm with final loop
tazaascenders: rounded swollen body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft no serif
wawdescenders: wāw - long thick angular oblique tapered tail hairline ending
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - long thick angular oblique tail hairline ending
mimdescenders: concave downstroke
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
jimdescenders: semicircular backward tail
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - elongated curvilinear flattened bowl
bahorizontals: short bowl
sinshindenticles: short pointed denticles
badenticles: initial inclined to left
hacounters: isolated one-eyed round loop, left stem extended upwards
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) with elongated vertical shaft
facounters: soft triangular head
mimcounters: soft triangular head
shaddavocalization: short denticles with left top flourish
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title: Manuscript, Xinjiang, c. 18-19th century, Naskhī
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identifier: China_SJ_08
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1701/1900
spatial: Approximate
location created: China, Xinjiang region
location: Berlin State Library - Prussian Cultural Heritage
page: https://orient-kohd.dl.uni-leipzig.de/receive/KOHDPersianMSBook_manuscript_00001346
language: Persian
alternative: Kitāb-i namāz
text type: Devotional text
text: Fragment of a prayer book, without beginning and end, containing prayer templates in Inchinese sish (preface etc.), Arabic prayer texts, citations of passages from the hadith about the prayers in question, finally the fragment of a Persian prayer in verse, called Barāt-nāma, for Lailat al-Barāt. Individual leaves are missing.
script: Naskhī/naskh
colorscript: black
note: Ms. Or. Oct. 1580
object type: manuscript\codex
medium: paper\type of paper\oriental paper
technique: written
scope note: 117 f. ; black cloth binding
lineofwriting: ascending
groupsofcharactersbaseline: Groups of characters baseline - horizontal
characterspacing: irregular spaces between words
presenceofelongation: occasional
ligature: Abusive - rā’ and hā'
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif -inclined to left
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
alifascenders: final alif with top right serif
lamascenders: lām - inclined to left
lamascenders: lām - top right serif
kafascenders: initial rectangular
kafascenders: top arm short diagonal stroke
kafascenders: medial, initial vertical shaft
kafascenders: sword-like top arm
kafascenders: no top arm and superscript kāf
wawdescenders: wāw - long flattened tapered tail, hairline ending
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - long flattened tapered tail, hairline ending
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - short curvilinear tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
mimdescenders: long flattened tapered tail, hairline ending
mimdescenders: convex downstroke
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
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sinshindenticles: short pointed denticles
badenticles: initial slightly inclined to left
badenticles: medial short rounded denticles
hacounters: isolated one-eyed triangular (murabba'ah)
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
hacounters: final simple downward stroke (makhṭufah)
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) with elongated vertical shaft
facounters: soft triangular head
medialaincounters: wide inverted triangle
mimcounters: rounded head pointed chin
fathakasravocalization: oblique stroke (10°-35°)
dammavocalization: comma
sukunvocalization: circle
shaddavocalization: short denticles
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title: Manuscript, Gansu, c. 18-19th century, Naskhī
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_SJ_09
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1701/1900
spatial: Approximate
location created: China, Gansu province
location: Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris
page: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b52501996h
language: Persian
alternative: Marṣad al-ʿibād
text type: Devotional text
text: sufism
script: Naskhī/naskh
colorscript: black
note: BnF Supplément pers. 2071
object type: manuscript\codex
medium: paper\type of paper\oriental paper
size: 30.3 x 20.4 cm
technique: written
scope note: 216 f. ; paper with Du'a
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: rare
shading: non-nuanced strokes
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - thick vertical shaft
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - thick vertical shaft
kafascenders: initial medial and final elongated (mabsūṭah) with s-shape body
tazaascenders: rounded swollen body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft no serif
wawdescenders: wāw - short curvilinear tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - short curvilinear tail
mimdescenders: mīm - vertical downstroke
nundescenders: deep bowl extending upward over baseline
jimdescenders: semicircular backward tail
jimdescenders: closing upward
bahorizontals: ascending bowl
sinshindenticles: tall denticles perpendicular to baseline
badenticles: initial slightly inclined to left
hacounters: isolated one-eyed round (mu'arrāh)
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
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shaddavocalization: shadda - dot
additionalcharacteristics: The text contains a middle composition of the basmala with elongated vertical ascenders and exaggerated loops of mīm and ḥa
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title: Manuscript, Gansu, c. 18-19th century, Naskhī
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_SJ_10
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1701/1900
spatial: Approximate
location created: China, Gansu province
location: Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris
page: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b52501953h
language: Persian
alternative: Lawa'iḥ Ğāmī.
text type: Devotional text
script: Naskhī/naskh
colorscript: black
colorscript: red
artist: ملا عماد
note: BnF Supplément pers. 2063
object type: manuscript\codex
medium: paper\type of paper\oriental paper
size: 29.3 x 19.2 cm
technique: written
scope note: 55 f. ; black cloth binding
lineofwriting: Line of writing - horizontal
groupsofcharactersbaseline: oblique
characterspacing: regular spaces between words
presenceofelongation: occasional
elongatedletters: sīn/shin denticles
elongatedletters: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā’, lām and qāf bowl
shading: non-nuanced strokes
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - inclined to right
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lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
kafascenders: initial medial and final elongated (mabsūṭah) with s-shape body
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nundescenders: partial bowl
jimdescenders: backward narrow tail
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bahorizontals: short straight bowl on baseline tapering to a point
sinshindenticles: short pointed denticles
badenticles: initial slightly inclined to left
hacounters: isolated one-eyed round (mu'arrāh)
hacounters: initial / medial rounded double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
facounters: rounded head closed eye
medialaincounters: rounded head open eye
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title: Manuscript, Xinjiang, c. 18-19th century, Naskhī
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_SJ_11
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1701/1900
spatial: Approximate
location created: China, Xinjiang region
location: Berlin State Library - Prussian Cultural Heritage
page: https://orient-kohd.dl.uni-leipzig.de/receive/KOHDPersianMSBook_manuscript_00001346
language: Persian
alternative: Kitāb-i namāz
text type: Devotional text
script: Naskhī/naskh
colorscript: black
note: Ms. Or. Oct. 1518
object type: manuscript\codex
medium: paper\type of paper\oriental paper
technique: written
scope note: 117 f.
characterspacing: regular spaces between words
presenceofelongation: occasional
ligature: Conventional - straight
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
kafascenders: medial, initial vertical shaft
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nundescenders: deep bowl
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jimdescenders: backward narrow tail
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additionalcharacteristics: Kāf with three dots on top of the arm as in the “xiao’erjing” script
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title: Manuscript, Nanjing, 1861, Sīnī
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identifier: China_SJ_12
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1861
spatial: Approximate
location created: China, Jiangsu province, Nanjing
location: Società Geografica Italia
language: Arabic
alternative: Tianfang tukao
text type: Quran
text: surat 3:96
script: Sīnī
colorscript: black
artist: 王俊卿
signaturerole: calligrapher
object type: manuscript\scroll
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technique: written
instrument: brush
lineofwriting: undulating
groupsofcharactersbaseline: irregular undulations
characterspacing: irregular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: occasional
elongatedletters: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā’, lām and qāf bowl
shading: medium contrast
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alifascenders: alif - shaft tapers from thick to thin
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lamascenders: lām - shaft tapers from thick to thin
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kafascenders: no top arm and superscript kāf
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jimdescenders: backward tail
jimdescenders: closing upward
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles with first denticle extended
badenticles: initial nuanced top right hook
badenticles: medial short rounded denticles
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) inclined to left
facounters: teardrop head
medialaincounters: wide inverted triangle, open eye
mimcounters: circular head
shaddavocalization: ribbon-like
ihmalvocalization: superscript miniature kāf for medial or inital form
additionalcharacteristics: Initial and medial denticles bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ connected together resemble the denticle of sīn
additionalcharacteristics: Abundant use of hairlines at the end of each stroke
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title: Manuscript, Xinjiang, c. 18-19th century
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identifier: China_SJ_21
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1701/1900
spatial: Approximate
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location: Berlin State Library - Prussian Cultural Heritage
page: http://resolver.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/SBB0000CF6800000000
language: Arabic
alternative: al-Madāʾiḥ aš-šarīfa
text type: Devotional text
colorscript: black
artist: Yaʿqūb Ibn-Ibrāhīm al-Kātib al-Quwīdaiwī
signaturerole: calligrapher
note: Ms. Or. Oct. 1515
object type: manuscript\codex
medium: paper\type of paper\oriental paper
technique: written
scope note: 221 f. ; dark blue cloth binding
lineofwriting: Line of writing - horizontal
groupsofcharactersbaseline: Groups of characters baseline - horizontal
groupsofcharactersbaseline: partial stacking of characters
characterspacing: irregular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: frequent
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ligature: Abusive - ‘alif and lām
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif -inclined to left
alifascenders: alif - top right serif
lamascenders: lām - inclined to left
lamascenders: lām - top right serif
kafascenders: rectangular body
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razadescenders: long thick angular oblique tail hairline ending
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mimdescenders: concave downstroke
nundescenders: deep bowl ending in ascending hairline
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nundescenders: long plunging bowl
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hacounters: final multi-knotted form (musalsalah)
facounters: teardrop head hairline chin
medialaincounters: compact inverted triangle / open or closed eye
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title: Manuscript, Xinjiang, c. 18-19th century
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identifier: China_SJ_22
creator: Shunhua Jin
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spatial: Approximate
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language: Arabic
alternative: Mawāʿiẓ
text type: Devotional text
colorscript: black
note: Ms. Or. Oct. 1519
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internalstructure: stacked
internalstructure: partially interwoven
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internalstructure: large presence of negative space
groupsofcharactersbaseline: irregular undulations
characterspacing: irregular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: absent
shading: strong contrast
point: inclined square
lamascenders: lām - inclined to left
lamascenders: lām - vertical
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shape ending in ascending hairline
mimdescenders: mīm - s-shape ending in ascending hairline
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - crescent tail
sinshindenticles: tall pointed denticles
badenticles: initial inclined to left
hacounters: final loop with upstroke hairline
ihmalvocalization: superscript miniature kāf for medial or inital form
additionalcharacteristics: The tail of mīm and nūn share the same stroke
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title: Portal, Beijing, c. 19th century, Sīnī
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modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:16+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_SJ_13
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1801/1900
spatial: Exact
location created: China, Beijing, probably in a mosque
location: Dongsi Mosque, Beijing, China
language: Arabic
script: Sīnī
object type: architectural element\portal
medium: brick
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
scriptshape: rectangular
internalstructure: sinuous
internalstructure: balanced negative and positive spaces
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
ligature: Abusive - ‘alif and lām
shading: medium contrast
alifascenders: alif - curved
lamascenders: lām - curved
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
mimdescenders: mīm - s-shape
mimdescenders: ascending upstroke to right
nundescenders: deep bowl looping inwards
hacounters: final s-shape with upstroke hairline
mimcounters: circular head
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title: Mihrab, Beijing, c.14 century ?, Sīnī
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_SJ_14
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1301/1400
spatial: Exact
location created: China, Beijing, probably in a mosque
location: Ox Street Mosque, Beijing, China
language: Arabic
text type: Quran
script: Sīnī
colorscript: gold
object type: architectural element\mihrab
medium: wood
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
scriptshape: rectangular
internalstructure: stacked
internalstructure: tight interwoven
internalstructure: large presence of positive space
internalstructure: sinuous
groupsofcharactersbaseline: irregular undulations
groupsofcharactersbaseline: oblique
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - bevelled head
alifascenders: alif - top right serif
alifascenders: alif - shaft tapers from thick to thin
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - bevelled head
lamascenders: lām - top right serif
lamascenders: lām - shaft tapers from thick to thin
kafascenders: initial medial and final elongated (mabsūṭah)
kafascenders: medial, initial vertical shaft
kafascenders: final vertical shaft
kafascenders: no top arm and superscript kāf
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft no serif
wawdescenders: circular ascending tail
wawdescenders: wāw - long flattened, tapered tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - long flattened, tapered tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shape ending in ascending hairline
mimdescenders: mīm - s-shape ending in ascending hairline
nundescenders: deep bowl ending in ascending hairline
nundescenders: deep bowl
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
yadescenders: backward horizontal stroke
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
hacounters: isolated one-eyed round (mu'arrāh)
hacounters: final s-shape with upstroke hairline
hacounters: medial swollen double-eyed top and bottom (mulawwazah)
hacounters: initial / medial rounded double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
facounters: rounded head
medialaincounters: compact inverted triangle / open or closed eye
mimcounters: circular head
additionalcharacteristics: Vertical elongation
additionalcharacteristics: Shafts are lengthened in the ascenders letters, like alif, mim, ta, tha...
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title: Portal, Beijing, c. 18-19th century, Sīnī
created: 2025-12-16T08:03:01+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:17+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_SJ_15
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1701/1900
spatial: Exact
location created: China, Beijing, probably in a mosque
location: Ox Street Mosque, Beijing, China
language: Arabic
text type: Devotional text
text: Basmallah
script: Sīnī
object type: architectural element\portal
medium: ceramic
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
scriptshape: rectangular
internalstructure: sinuous
internalstructure: tight interwoven
internalstructure: piled
characterspacing: no spacing between characters
ligature: Abusive - all ligatures
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - looped (musalsal)
lamascenders: lām - looped (musalsal)
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shape ending in ascending hairline
mimdescenders: mīm - s-shape ending in ascending hairline
nundescenders: deep bowl ending in ascending wave
sinshindenticles: elongated no denticles
badenticles: short upstroke
hacounters: final s-shape with upstroke hairline
mimcounters: rounded head pointed chin
ihmalvocalization: superscript miniature kāf for medial or inital form
additionalcharacteristics: Composition in one continuous stroke (musalsal)
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title: Door, Beijing, c.14th century ?, Sīnī
created: 2025-12-16T08:03:01+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:17+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_SJ_16
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1301/1400
spatial: Exact
location created: China, Beijing, probably in a mosque
location: Dongzhimen Mosque, Beijing, China
language: Arabic
text type: Devotional text
text: Shahadah
script: Sīnī
colorscript: gold
object type: architectural element\door
medium: wood
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
scriptshape: circular
internalstructure: stacked
internalstructure: large presence of positive space
internalstructure: partially interwoven
groupsofcharactersbaseline: irregular undulations
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: absent
ligature: Abusive - rā’ and tāʾ marbūṭa
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - top right serif
alifascenders: alif - shaft tapers from thick to thin
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - top right serif
lamascenders: lām - foot with left hook
kafascenders: no top arm and superscript kāf
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft with serif
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - crescent bowl
badenticles: medial short pointed denticles
hacounters: final s-shape with upstroke hairline
ihmalvocalization: superscript miniature kāf for medial or inital form
additionalcharacteristics: considerable vertical elongation of the ascenders which are aligned close together in the central composition
additionalcharacteristics: Lām-alif is completely vertical with alif inclined sharply towards the right
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title: Mihrab, Hangzhou, c.14th century ?, Sīnī
created: 2025-12-16T08:03:01+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:17+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_SJ_17
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1301/1400
spatial: Approximate
location created: China, Zhejiang province, Hangzhou
location: Phoenix Mosque, Hangzhou, China
language: Arabic
text type: Quran
script: Sīnī
colorscript: gold
object type: architectural element\mihrab
medium: wood
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
scriptshape: rectangular
internalstructure: balanced negative and positive spaces
internalstructure: sinuous
internalstructure: stacked
groupsofcharactersbaseline: Groups of characters baseline - horizontal
characterspacing: irregular spaces between characters
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: strong contrast
alifascenders: alif - vertical
alifascenders: alif - thick vertical shaft
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - thick vertical shaft
wawdescenders: circular ascending tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - elongated curvilinear flattened bowl
sinshindenticles: elongated no denticles
hacounters: final ribbon-like ascending
mimcounters: rounded head pointed chin
shaddavocalization: short denticles
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title: Door, Shanghai, c.14th century ?, Sīnī
created: 2025-12-16T08:03:01+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:17+00:00
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_SJ_18
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1301/1400
spatial: Approximate
location created: China, Shanghai
location: Songjiang Mosque, Shanghai, China
language: Arabic
text type: Quran
script: Sīnī
object type: architectural element\portal
medium: brick
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
scriptshape: rectangular
internalstructure: interwoven
internalstructure: piled
internalstructure: balanced negative and positive spaces
groupsofcharactersbaseline: irregular undulations
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: absent
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - vertical
alifascenders: alif - top right serif
alifascenders: alif - shaft tapers from thick to thin
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - top right serif
lamascenders: lām - shaft tapers from thick to thin
kafascenders: no top arm and superscript kāf
wawdescenders: wāw - crescent tail
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - crescent bowl
jimdescenders: closed looped tail
yadescenders: backward oblique stroke
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - curvilinear flattened tail
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: initial top right serif
hacounters: final s-shaped (muḥdawdibah)
facounters: soft triangular head
medialaincounters: wide inverted triangle
mimcounters: circular head
fathakasravocalization: diagonal stroke (40°-45°)
ihmalvocalization: superscript miniature kāf for medial or inital form
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type: Item
type: PhysicalObject
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title: Portal, Tianjin, c.19th century, Sīnī
created: 2025-12-16T08:03:01+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:17+00:00
primary media: https://callfront.inha.fr/api/media/4477
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_SJ_19
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1801/1900
spatial: Approximate
location created: China, Tianjin
location: Tianjin South Mosque, Tianjin, China
language: Arabic
text type: Quran
script: Sīnī
colorscript: black
object type: architectural element\portal
medium: wood
technique: written
scriptshape: rectangular
internalstructure: sinuous
internalstructure: piled
groupsofcharactersbaseline: irregular undulations
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: occasional
ligature: Abusive - ‘alif and lām
ligature: Conventional - V shaped
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
ligature: Conventional - underpinning
shading: strong contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - curved
alifascenders: alif - shaft tapers from thick to thin
alifascenders: alif - bevelled head
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - curved
lamascenders: lām - shaft tapers from thick to thin
lamascenders: lām - bevelled head
wawdescenders: circular ascending tail
mimdescenders: mīm - s-shape ending in ascending hairline
mimdescenders: ascending upstroke to left
nundescenders: deep bowl ending in ascending hairline
sinshindenticles: short pointed denticles
badenticles: initial slightly inclined to left
hacounters: final s-shape with upstroke hairline
facounters: rounded head
mimcounters: circular head
ihmalvocalization: superscript miniature kāf for medial or inital form
additionalcharacteristics: exaggerated eyebrow of jīm /khā’ /hā
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title: Drum, Qinghai, c. 18-19th century, Sīnī
created: 2025-12-16T08:03:01+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:17+00:00
primary media: https://callfront.inha.fr/api/media/4478
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: China_SJ_20
creator: Shunhua Jin
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
created: 1701/1900
spatial: Approximate
location created: China, Qinghai province
location: Mengda Mosque, Qinghai, China
language: Arabic
text type: Devotional text
text: Shahadah
script: Sīnī
object type: architectural element\panel
medium: plaster
technique: painted
scriptshape: rectangular
scriptshape: circular
internalstructure: stacked
internalstructure: sinuous
internalstructure: partially interwoven
groupsofcharactersbaseline: irregular undulations
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: absent
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
alifascenders: alif - split head with side serifs
alifascenders: alif - shaft tapers from thick to thin
lamascenders: lām - split head with side serifs
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - shaft tapers from thick to thin
wawdescenders: circular ascending tail
sinshindenticles: short pointed denticles
hacounters: final ribbon-like ascending
facounters: rounded head
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title: Tombstone, Thatta, early 16th century, Muḥaqqaq
created: 2025-12-16T14:21:33+00:00
modified: 2026-06-17T07:45:41+00:00
primary media: https://callfront.inha.fr/api/media/4951
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rights holder: CallFront
license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Pakistan_FQ_01
creator: Fatima Quraishi
created: 1501/1525
spatial: Exact
location created: Pakistan, Sindh province, Thatta, Makli Necropolis, Funerary enclosure of Mubarak Khan
language: Arabic
text type: Quran
natureoftext: Reference for Quranic verses
text: 3:18-19 & 2:285-286
script: Muḥaqqaq
object type: cenotaph/tombstone
medium: stone\type of stone\sandstone
shape: rectangular
layout: 2
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
instrument: chisel
scriptshape: rectangular
internalstructure: piled
internalstructure: interwoven
groupsofcharactersbaseline: oblique
characterspacing: no spacing between characters
presenceofelongation: absent
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: round dot
alifascenders: alif - slight top serif
lamascenders: lām - inclined to left
lamascenders: lām - slight top serif
kafascenders: initial medial and final elongated (mabsūṭah)
kafascenders: Initial /medial compact form diagonal body
kafascenders: no top arm and superscript kāf
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft inclined to left
wawdescenders: wāw - long flattened, tapered tail
wawdescenders: wāw - rounded tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - long flattened, tapered tail
nundescenders: wide bowl
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: initial perpendicular to baseline
badenticles: medial short pointed denticles
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah)
hacounters: final s-shaped (muḥdawdibah)
facounters: rounded head needle point eye
medialaincounters: wide inverted triangle
mimcounters: circular head closed eye
dammavocalization: oblique tail (10°-35°)
dammavocalization: needle point eye
hamzavocalization: small ‘ain
shaddavocalization: tall denticles
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title: Panel, Thatta, late 15th- early 16th century, Thuluth
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title: Panel, Thatta, 1579-1580, Thuluth
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identifier: Pakistan_FQ_09
creator: Fatima Quraishi
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
contributor: Vincent Thérouin
created: 987 H.
created: 1579/1580
spatial: Exact
location created: Pakistan, Sindh province, Thatta, Makli Necropolis, Enclosure for unknown figure within funerary complex of Amir Shahum Bayg Arghun
language: Arabic
text type: Quran
natureoftext: Reference for Quranic verses
text: 67:1-30, 112:1-6 (some parts missing), narrated by Sulayman b. Surad, Bismilah
script: Thuluth
artist: Ustād Ḥusayn & Ḥasan b. Rukn al-Dīn
signaturerole: calligrapher
note: Some panels are lost and others are no longer in the correct order.
object type: architectural element\panel
medium: stone\type of stone\sandstone
medium: rectangular - runs as a frieze around the iwan
layout: 2
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
instrument: chisel
scriptshape: rectangular
internalstructure: piled
internalstructure: partially interwoven
internalstructure: balanced negative and positive spaces
groupsofcharactersbaseline: Groups of characters baseline - horizontal
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: rare
elongatedletters: yā’ rajiah
elongatedletters: kāf bowl
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - vertical
alifascenders: alif - top right serif
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - top right serif
kafascenders: Initial /medial compact form diagonal body
kafascenders: top arm with final hook
kafascenders: initial medial and final elongated (mabsūṭah)
tazaascenders: rounded swollen body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft with serif
wawdescenders: wāw - long flattened, tapered tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - long flattened, tapered tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
mimdescenders: mīm - s-shape
mimdescenders: mīm - long flattened, tapered tail
nundescenders: wide deep bowl
jimdescenders: closed looped tail
yadescenders: backward horizontal stroke
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: initial perpendicular to baseline
badenticles: medial short pointed denticles
badenticles: initial top right serif
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
hacounters: initial / medial double-eyed top and bottom (mulawwazah)
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) triangular with elongated vertical shaft

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title: Iwan, Thatta, c. 1558, Thuluth
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identifier: Pakistan_FQ_10
creator: Fatima Quraishi
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
contributor: Vincent Thérouin
created: 1558
spatial: Exact
location created: Pakistan, Sindh province, Thatta, Makli Necropolis, Tomb of Sultan Ibrahim
language: Arabic
text type: Quran
natureoftext: Reference for Quranic verses
text: 39:73-74
script: Thuluth
artist: Ahmad Ansari
signaturerole: calligrapher
object type: architectural element\iwan
medium: ceramic
shape: rectangular
layout: 2
technique: painted
scriptshape: rectangular
internalstructure: piled
internalstructure: partially interwoven
internalstructure: large presence of negative space
groupsofcharactersbaseline: Groups of characters baseline - horizontal
characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: rare
elongatedletters: yā’ rajiah
elongatedletters: kāf bowl
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: round dot
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - elongated vertical shaft
alifascenders: alif - top right serif
lamascenders: lām - elongated vertical shaft
lamascenders: lām - top right serif
kafascenders: initial medial and final elongated (mabsūṭah)
tazaascenders: rounded swollen body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft with serif
wawdescenders: wāw - rounded tail
wawdescenders: wāw - long flattened, tapered tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - long flattened, tapered tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
mimdescenders: mīm - s-shape
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jimdescenders: closed looped tail
yadescenders: backward horizontal stroke
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sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: initial perpendicular to baseline
badenticles: initial top right serif
badenticles: medial short pointed denticles
hacounters: isolated one-eyed triangular (murabba'ah)
hacounters: initial / medial double-eyed top and bottom (mulawwazah)
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facounters: rounded head needle point eye
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title: Mihrab, Thatta, 1601, Thuluth
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identifier: Pakistan_FQ_11
creator: Fatima Quraishi
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created: 1009 H.
created: 1601
spatial: Exact
location created: Pakistan, Sindh province, Thatta, Makli Necropolis, Tomb of Jani Beg Tarkhan
language: Arabic
language: Persian
text type: Quran
natureoftext: Reference for Quranic verses
text: 3:39 (first half)
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internalstructure: piled
internalstructure: tight interwoven
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characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: occasional
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shading: medium contrast
point: round dot
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - elongated vertical shaft
alifascenders: alif - top right serif
lamascenders: lām - elongated vertical shaft
lamascenders: lām - top right serif
kafascenders: Initial /medial compact form diagonal body
kafascenders: no top arm and superscript kāf
wawdescenders: wāw - long flattened, tapered tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - long flattened, tapered tail
mimdescenders: mīm - long flattened, tapered tail
jimdescenders: closed looped tail
yadescenders: backward horizontal stroke
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sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: initial perpendicular to baseline
badenticles: medial short pointed denticles
hacounters: isolated one-eyed triangular (murabba'ah)
hacounters: initial / medial double-eyed top and bottom (mulawwazah)
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
hacounters: final s-shaped (muḥdawdibah)
facounters: soft triangular head needle point eye
mimcounters: rounded head pointed chin
mimcounters: mīm - needle point eye
fathakasravocalization: oblique stroke (10°-35°)
dammavocalization: diagonal tail (40°-45°)
dammavocalization: needle point eye
hamzavocalization: small ‘ain
sukunvocalization: wedge
shaddavocalization: tall denticles
ihmalvocalization: subscript miniature letter for hā’/ ʿayn/ sīn / sād / ṭa
ihmalvocalization: superscript miniature kāf for medial or inital form
ihmalvocalization: ihmāl - v-shaped
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title: Tombstone, Thatta, mid-15th century, Other
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identifier: Pakistan_FQ_12
creator: Fatima Quraishi
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
contributor: Vincent Thérouin
created: 1426/1475
spatial: Exact
location created: Pakistan, Sindh province, Thatta, Makli necropolis, anonymous cenotaph
language: Arabic
language: Persian
text type: Quran
natureoftext: Reference for Quranic verses
text: 39:53 (partial); 3:26-27; 2:255
script: Other
object type: cenotaph/tombstone
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shape: rectangular
layout: 1
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scriptshape: rectangular
internalstructure: stacked
internalstructure: large presence of negative space
internalstructure: partially interwoven
groupsofcharactersbaseline: Groups of characters baseline - horizontal
characterspacing: irregular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: rare
elongatedletters: kāf body
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - elongated vertical shaft
alifascenders: alif - top right serif
alifascenders: final alif with top right serif
lamascenders: lām - elongated vertical shaft
lamascenders: lām - top right serif
kafascenders: final vertical shaft
kafascenders: no top arm and superscript kāf
kafascenders: isolated Kāf
kafascenders: Kaf - two elongated parallel strokes
kafascenders: top arm short diagonal stroke
tazaascenders: rounded swollen body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft with serif
wawdescenders: wāw - long curvilinear tail
wawdescenders: wāw - short curvilinear tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - short curvilinear tail
mimdescenders: mīm - short curvilinear tail
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - short curvilinear flattened bowl
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - plunging bowl
jimdescenders: semicircular backward tail
jimdescenders: closing upward
jimdescenders: opening horizontal
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
sinshindenticles: short pointed denticles
badenticles: initial slightly inclined to left
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hacounters: isolated one-eyed triangular (murabba'ah)
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
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title: Tombstone, Thatta, late 15th century, Biḥārī ; Thuluth
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identifier: Pakistan_FQ_13
creator: Fatima Quraishi
created: 1476/1500
spatial: Exact
location created: Pakistan, Sindh province, Thatta, Makli Necropolis, Tomb of the sister of Fath Khan
language: Arabic
text type: Quran
natureoftext: Reference for Quranic verses
text: 39:53
script: Biḥārī
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characterspacing: regular spaces between characters
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shading: medium contrast
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wawdescenders: wāw - rounded tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
mimdescenders: mīm - s-shape
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yadescenders: backward horizontal stroke
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sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
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facounters: rounded head needle point eye
medialaincounters: wide inverted triangle
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dammavocalization: horizontal tail
dammavocalization: needle point eye
dammavocalization: oblique tail (10°-35°)
sukunvocalization: circle
shaddavocalization: tall denticles
additionalcharacteristics: Body of letters quite small in proportion to the flat tails and shafts
additionalcharacteristics: lām-alif
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title: Tombstone, Thatta, late 15th- early 16th century, Muḥaqqaq ; Thuluth
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license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Pakistan_FQ_14
creator: Fatima Quraishi
created: 1476/1525
spatial: Exact
location created: Pakistan, Sindh province, Thatta, Makli Necropolis, Tomb of Sister of Fath Khan
language: Arabic
text type: Quran
natureoftext: Reference for Quranic verses
text: 2:255 & 3:147 (partial), Bisimilah
script: Muḥaqqaq
script: Thuluth
object type: cenotaph/tombstone
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scriptshape: rectangular
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presenceofelongation: frequent
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ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
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lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - top right serif
wawdescenders: wāw - rounded tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
mimdescenders: mīm - s-shape
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
yadescenders: backward horizontal stroke
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: initial perpendicular to baseline
badenticles: leftward stroke with short hook
hacounters: final s-shaped (muḥdawdibah)
hacounters: final one-eyed with long backward stroke
facounters: rounded head needle point eye
medialaincounters: wide inverted triangle
mimcounters: rounded head
mimcounters: mīm - needle point eye
dammavocalization: horizontal tail
dammavocalization: needle point eye
dammavocalization: oblique tail (10°-35°)
sukunvocalization: circle
shaddavocalization: tall denticles
additionalcharacteristics: Use of the superscript letters to balance negative space, in their different forms
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title: Tombstone, Thatta, late 15th- early 16th century, Muḥaqqaq ; Thuluth
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identifier: Pakistan_FQ_15
creator: Fatima Quraishi
created: 1476/1525
spatial: Exact
location created: Pakistan, Sindh province, Thatta, Makli Necropolis, Tomb of Sister of Fath Khan
language: Arabic
text type: Quran
natureoftext: Reference for Quranic verses
text: 2:255 & 3:147 (partial), Bisimilah
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instrument: chisel
bibliographic citation: Saljūqī, Fikrī. Risāla-yi mazārāt-i Harāt. Taʿliqāt. Kabul, 1967. 157;
bibliographic citation: Blair, Sheila S. “The Madrasa at Zuzan: Islamic Architecture in Eastern Iran on the Eve of the Mongol Invasions.” Muqarnas 3 (1985): 81;
bibliographic citation: Patel, Alka. Iran to India: The Shansabanis of Afghanistan, c. 1145–119. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. 344 (reading by V. Allegranzi);
bibliographic citation: Online publication: TEI, no. 37804 (reading by L. Kalus).
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internalstructure: piled
internalstructure: interwoven
groupsofcharactersbaseline: oblique
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ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: round dot
alifascenders: alif - top right serif
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - top right serif
wawdescenders: wāw - rounded tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - rounded tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
mimdescenders: mīm - s-shape
yadescenders: backward horizontal stroke
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: medial short pointed denticles
badenticles: initial perpendicular to baseline
facounters: rounded head needle point eye
mimcounters: rounded head
mimcounters: mīm - needle point eye
dammavocalization: short round tail
dammavocalization: needle point eye
shaddavocalization: tall denticles
ihmalvocalization: subscript miniature letter for hā’/ ʿayn/ sīn / sād / ṭa
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title: Tombstone, Thatta, late 15th- early 16th century, Muḥaqqaq ; Thuluth
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title: Tombstone, Thatta, late 15th- early 16th century, Muḥaqqaq ; Thuluth
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title: Tombstone, Thatta, late 15th century, Other
created: 2025-12-16T14:21:35+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:18+00:00
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rights holder: CallFront
license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Pakistan_FQ_16
creator: Fatima Quraishi
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
contributor: Vincent Thérouin
created: 1476/1500
location created: Pakistan, Sindh province, Thatta, Makli Necropolis, Funerary Enclosure of Darya Khan
language: Arabic
text type: Other
natureoftext: Other
script: Other
object type: cenotaph/tombstone
medium: stone\type of stone\sandstone
shape: other
layout: 1
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
instrument: chisel
internalstructure: linear
internalstructure: large presence of negative space
characterspacing: irregular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: absent
ligature: Conventional - straight
shading: non-nuanced strokes
point: round dot
alifascenders: alif - top right serif
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - top right serif
badenticles: initial perpendicular to baseline
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) diamond shaped
fathakasravocalization: horizontal stroke
sukunvocalization: wedge
shaddavocalization: short denticles
additionalcharacteristics: Allah with final diamond shape ha’

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title: Beam, Thatta, late 14th- early 15th century, Naskhī regional variant
created: 2025-12-16T14:21:35+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:18+00:00
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rights holder: CallFront
license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: Pakistan_FQ_17
creator: Fatima Quraishi
contributor: Nuria Garcia Masip
contributor: Vincent Thérouin
created: 1376/1425
location created: Pakistan, Sindh province, Thatta, Makli Necropolis, Khanqah of Hammad Jamali
language: Arabic
text type: Quran
natureoftext: Reference for Quranic verses
text: 62:1-11 (parts missing)
script: Naskhī regional variant
object type: architectural element\beam
medium: stone\type of stone\sandstone
medium: rectangular , multiple panels running as a frieze at the zone of transition
layout: 2
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
instrument: chisel
scope note: The inscription has almost completely disappeared and can only be studied on the basis of photographic archives. The date is recorded in other inscription (in Kufic script) running on the inner arcades of the same monument.
scriptshape: rectangular
internalstructure: stacked
internalstructure: partially interwoven
internalstructure: balanced negative and positive spaces
groupsofcharactersbaseline: oblique
characterspacing: irregular spaces between characters
presenceofelongation: occasional
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
shading: medium contrast
point: round dot
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - vertical
alifascenders: alif - top right serif
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - top right serif
kafascenders: Initial /medial compact form diagonal body
kafascenders: initial medial and final elongated (mabsūṭah)
tazaascenders: rounded swollen body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft with serif
wawdescenders: wāw - long flattened, tapered tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
mimdescenders: mīm - long flattened, tapered tail
mimdescenders: mīm - short curvilinear tail
nundescenders: partial bowl
nundescenders: wide deep bowl
yadescenders: backward horizontal stroke
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - short curvilinear flattened bowl
sinshindenticles: short pointed denticles
badenticles: initial perpendicular to baseline
badenticles: medial short pointed denticles
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
hacounters: initial / medial bottom v-shaped
hacounters: medial swollen double-eyed top and bottom (mulawwazah)
hacounters: final s-shaped (muḥdawdibah)
hacounters: final one-eyed (mardufah) with elongated vertical shaft / sometimes with serif
facounters: triangular pointed head
medialaincounters: wide inverted triangle
mimcounters: triangular head pointed chin
fathakasravocalization: oblique stroke (10°-35°)
dammavocalization: oblique tail (10°-35°)
dammavocalization: closed eye
sukunvocalization: circle

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type: Item
type: PhysicalObject
id: 3893
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title: Lintel, Cochin, 1519-1520, Other
created: 2025-12-16T14:21:35+00:00
modified: 2026-06-23T09:50:34+00:00
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rights holder: CallFront
license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: India_MSC_12
creator: Mohammed Salih Cholakkalakath
created: 926 H.
created: 1519/1520
spatial: Exact
location created: India, Kerala state, Cochin
location: Shafi Jami Cochin (Chembittapalli)
language: Arabic
text type: Foundation inscription
natureoftext: Reference for Quranic verses
natureoftext: Reference for hadith texts (Wensinck's Concordance)
colorscript: white
object type: architectural element\lintel
medium: wood
shape: rectangular
size: n/a
layout: 3
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
instrument: chisel
bibliographic citation: Shokoohy, Mehrdad. Malabar in the Indian Ocean : Cosmopolitanism in a Maritime Historical Region. Mahmood Kooria and Michael N. Pearson. Oxford University Press, 2018.
scriptshape: rectangular
internalstructure: linear
internalstructure: large presence of negative space
internalstructure: partially interwoven
internalstructure: stacked
groupsofcharactersbaseline: oblique
characterspacing: irregular spaces between characters
characterspacing: no spacing between characters
characterspacing: superscription at end of line
presenceofelongation: absent
ligature: Conventional - V shaped
ligature: Conventional - underpinning
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - non serifed
alifascenders: alif - thin shaft
lamascenders: lām - vertical
lamascenders: lām - non serifed
lamascenders: lām - elongated vertical shaft
kafascenders: Initial /medial compact form diagonal body
kafascenders: top flat arm
kafascenders: no top arm and superscript kāf
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft no serif
wawdescenders: wāw - rounded tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
mimdescenders: mīm - s-shape
nundescenders: wide deep bowl
jimdescenders: backward tail
jimdescenders: opening downwards
yadescenders: backward oblique stroke
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - curvilinear flattened bowl
bahorizontals: bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ, fāʾ, kāf - plunging bowl
sinshindenticles: medial zig-zag denticles
badenticles: medial short pointed denticles
badenticles: initial slightly inclined to left
hacounters: isolated one-eyed triangular (murabba'ah)
hacounters: final s-shaped (muḥdawdibah)
hacounters: initial / medial double eyed (wajh al-hirr)
hacounters: initial / medial bottom v-shaped
hacounters: initial triangular
facounters: soft triangular head needle point eye
medialaincounters: wide inverted triangle
mimcounters: rounded head pointed chin

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title: Lintel, Malappuram, 18th-19th century, Other
created: 2025-12-16T14:21:35+00:00
modified: 2026-06-02T15:37:18+00:00
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rights holder: CallFront
license: CC BY-SA 4.0
identifier: India_MSC_13
creator: Mohammed Salih Cholakkalakath
created: 1701/1900
spatial: Exact
location created: India, Kerala state, Malappuram
location: Shuhada Mosque, Malappuram
language: Arabic
text type: Other
natureoftext: Reference for hadith texts (Wensinck's Concordance)
object type: architectural element\lintel
medium: wood
shape: rectangular
size: Approx 1 metre
layout: 2
technique: carved / bas-relief - flat relief
instrument: chisel
scriptshape: rectangular
internalstructure: tight interwoven
internalstructure: stacked
internalstructure: certain letters written in reverse
presenceofelongation: frequent
elongatedletters: bā’/fā’ bowl
elongatedletters: kāf bowl
elongatedletters: lām bowl
elongatedletters: yā’ rajiah
elongatedletters: medial ligatures
lengthofelongation: varied length of elongations
ligature: Conventional - curvilinear
ligature: Conventional - underpinning
shading: medium contrast
point: inclined square
alifascenders: alif - elongated vertical shaft
alifascenders: alif - top right serif
lamascenders: lām - elongated vertical shaft
lamascenders: lām - top right serif
kafascenders: initial medial and final elongated (mabsūṭah)
kafascenders: Kaf - two elongated parallel strokes
kafascenders: top long curvilinear stroke
kafascenders: Initial /medial compact form diagonal body
kafascenders: top arm long diagonal stroke
tazaascenders: rounded body
tazaascenders: vertical shaft with serif
wawdescenders: wāw - short curvilinear tail
razadescenders: rā'/zā' - s-shaped
mimdescenders: mīm - vertical downstroke
mimdescenders: mīm - s-shape
nundescenders: nūn, sīn/shīn, sād/ḍād, yā', lām, qāf - crescent bowl
jimdescenders: semicircular backward tail
jimdescenders: opening downwards
jimdescenders: opening horizontal
yadescenders: backward horizontal stroke
bahorizontals: elongated straight bowl on baseline
sinshindenticles: rounded base denticles
badenticles: initial slightly inclined to left
hacounters: final multi-knotted form (musalsalah)
facounters: triangular pointed head
medialaincounters: wide inverted triangle, open eye

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